Corretor de forex albânia

Serviços de Negociação Forex.
Por que negociar com ONASIS.
Contas comerciais, micro, mini, padrão e islâmicas no Forex e CFD on-line - Poderosas ferramentas de negociação e contas para atender suas estratégias de negociação Comércio de ouro, prata e petróleo em spreads fixos e comissões mínimas. As contas islâmicas sem permuta estão disponíveis para tão baixo quanto 2 pip spreads.
Execução instantânea do STP, preenchimentos de pedidos garantidos, sem deslizamento, reparo de 1 Pip Spreads.
O depósito mínimo exigido é de apenas US $ 10 Alavancagem elevada até 500: 1 Scalping e hedging permitidos Requisitos de baixa margem Fixos baixos spreads de 1 pip Mais de 40 pares e títulos de moeda corrente Pacote de pesquisa FX de alta qualidade Relatórios macroeconômicos regulares 100% bônus de depósito instantâneo Acesso ao nosso especialista biblioteca de conselheiros.
Todos os comerciantes da Albânia podem depositar e retirar seus lucros usando os principais cartões de crédito e débito, Moneybookers, LibertyReserve, cashU e transferências bancárias.
Escolha a melhor conta que corresponda às suas necessidades de negociação forex. Se você é da Albânia, você pode escolher uma conta de negociação forex micro, mini, padrão ou até mesmo islâmica para trocar moedas e CFD online.
Todos os nossos clientes da Albânia podem desfrutar de uma baixa comissão de negociação de mais de 40 instrumentos de negociação, incluindo prata, ouro, petróleo bruto e índices do mercado internacional, além de gás natural e outras energias.
Você sabia?
Comerciantes ONASIS obter um.
em seus depósitos.
Também disponível em.
Avalie o sucesso comercial diariamente, semanalmente, mensalmente e anualmente Não julgue seu sucesso comercial em um único negócio. Para ser um operador bem-sucedido, você não precisa vencer todos os negócios, você também não fica rico em um negócio, precisa ser lucrativo no longo prazo.
2014 ONASIS IBC.
A negociação de divisas estrangeiras na margem implica um alto nível de risco e pode não ser adequada para todos os investidores. O alto grau de alavancagem pode funcionar contra você e também para você. Antes de decidir negociar trocas estrangeiras, você deve considerar cuidadosamente seus objetivos de investimento, nível de experiência e apetite de risco. Existe a possibilidade de você sustentar uma perda de parte ou de todo o seu investimento inicial e, portanto, não deve investir dinheiro que não pode perder. Você deve estar ciente de todos os riscos associados à negociação de câmbio e procurar aconselhamento de um consultor financeiro independente, se tiver alguma dúvida.

No Forex, você tem oportunidades ilimitadas para a auto-realização financeira.
A LiteForex fornece uma ampla gama de materiais de treinamento para iniciantes em seu caminho através do mercado de câmbio.
Guia de Treinamento Forex.
Um conjunto completo de informações necessárias sobre todos os aspectos do mercado, desde princípios básicos de negociação até análises abrangentes.
Estratégias de Negociação.
Livraria gratuita de sistemas de negociação Forex desenvolvida por traders profissionais.
Conta de demonstração para treinamento.
Uma conta idêntica a uma conta de negociação real, onde você pode testar sua estratégia e aperfeiçoar suas habilidades de negociação sem riscos.
Abra uma conta de negociação.
Obtenha acesso a negociação NDD de alta liquidez, sem exigências, condições de negociação imbatíveis, alavancagem de até 1: 500 e execução no mercado.
Terminal Metatrader 4.
A plataforma de negociação mais confiável e popular é fornecida para Windows, MacOS, Linux, Android e iOS.
Spreads altamente competitivos e numerosos instrumentos de negociação.
Negociar pares de moedas, metais, índices mundiais, matérias-primas, CFDs para ações das maiores empresas e índices de ações.
Uma variedade de sistemas de pagamento para depósito rápido e retirada de fundos.
Revisões analíticas diárias e previsões do mercado Forex.
A arte da análise de Claws & Horns.
Os materiais são preparados pela bem conhecida agência analítica independente Claws & Horns, que se estabeleceu como profissional na área de análise de mercado. Abra uma conta com a Liteforex e tenha acesso à análise de qualidade gratuitamente. A Claws & Horns fornece a todos os nossos clientes análises aprofundadas do mercado e análises de vídeos, análises diárias técnicas e fundamentais do mercado e sinais de negociação para pares de moedas importantes e exóticas, commodities, metais preciosos, índices de câmbio e CFDs para ações.
Aviso de risco: Negociar em FX e CFDs implica alto risco de perda de capital.
Os materiais analíticos são desenvolvidos em cooperação com nosso parceiro, Claws & Horns, exclusivamente para fins informativos. Os materiais publicados não devem ser considerados como uma recomendação para investimento ou aconselhamento, de acordo com a Diretiva 200439EC. Além disso, esses materiais não foram preparados dentro dos requisitos da legislação que visa promover a pesquisa de investimento independente e não estão sujeitos a nenhum tipo de proibição na distribuição de pesquisas de investimento.

Negociação Forex Albânia.
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# 2 Melhor Corretor da Albânia.
O aplicativo de negociação mais cotado em 20 países Rentabilidade de até 90% creditados em caso de plataforma comercial bem-sucedida de comércio confiável com mais de 11 milhões de contas de contas Demonstração gratuita e depósito mínimo baixo - apenas US $ 10.
# 3 Classificado Melhor Albania Broker.
Mais de 350.000 contas abertas desde 2010, 140 funcionários globalmente vencedores de 18 prêmios do setor Concursos mensais gratuitos para participar e ganhar prêmios em dinheiro Programa de fidelidade em 4 níveis.
Comentários para All Broker Forex Albania.
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Isenção de responsabilidade: É proibida a reprodução total ou parcial em todas as formas ou mídias sem a expressa permissão por escrito da mesma. Este site é um recurso promocional e o site foi pago para hospedar a seguinte análise positiva sobre essas plataformas de negociação - essas análises não são fornecidas por um consumidor independente. Esse site de avaliações é suportado pelo pagamento de operadores classificados no site e o pagamento afeta a classificação dos sites listados. Aviso Geral de Risco: Os serviços financeiros analisados ​​aqui carregam um alto nível de risco e podem resultar na perda de todos os seus fundos.

Por que os corretores da GBE?
Os corretores do GBE são um corretor on-line totalmente regulado para operadores privados e institucionais com o foco de produto do & # 8230;
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Os corretores do GBE oferecem um programa global de corretagem de sucesso ao serviço financeiro & # 8230;
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A GBE brokers Ltd é regulada pela Comissão de Valores Mobiliários do Chipre (CySEC) com o número de licença CIF 240/14. Além de ter nossa sede em Limassol, Chipre, temos uma filial estabelecida em Hamburgo, na Alemanha. A GBE brokers Ltd está autorizada a fornecer os serviços de investimento e auxiliares em relação aos instrumentos financeiros aqui indicados.
Aviso de Risco Negociar Câmbio e Contratos por Diferença (CFDs) é altamente especulativo e pode não ser adequado para todos os investidores. Os corretores do GBE oferecem negociação na margem. A alavancagem criada pela negociação na margem pode funcionar contra você e também para você. Somente invista com dinheiro que você pode perder e assegure-se de entender completamente os riscos envolvidos. Por favor, certifique-se de ler a nossa Divulgação de Risco e Termos e Condições na íntegra antes de abrir uma conta com os corretores do GBE.
Disclaimer legal GBE brokers Ltd fornece referências e links para informações selecionadas e outras fontes de informações econômicas e de mercado como um serviço para seus clientes e prospects e não endossa as opiniões ou recomendações dos sites da internet ou outras fontes de informação. Recomenda-se aos clientes e prospects que analisem cuidadosamente as opiniões e análises oferecidas nos sites da internet ou outras fontes de informação no contexto da análise individual e da tomada de decisões do cliente ou prospect. Nenhum dos sites da internet ou outras fontes de informação deve ser considerado como constituindo um histórico. O desempenho passado não é garantia de resultados futuros e a GBE Brokers Ltd. especificamente aconselha clientes e prospects a revisar cuidadosamente todas as reclamações e representações feitas por consultores, blogueiros, administradores de fundos e fornecedores de sistemas antes de investir quaisquer fundos ou abrir uma conta com qualquer corretor. Quaisquer notícias, opiniões, pesquisas, dados ou outras informações contidas neste site são fornecidos como comentários gerais de mercado e não constituem conselhos de investimento ou de negociação. A GBE Brokers Ltd renuncia expressamente a qualquer responsabilidade por qualquer perda de capital ou lucros, sem limitação, que possa surgir direta ou indiretamente do uso ou confiança em tais informações. A GBE brokers Ltd (licença CIF número 240/14), é regulamentada e licenciada sob a Comissão de Valores Mobiliários e Câmbio do Chipre (CYSEC), autorizada a fornecer os serviços de investimento e auxiliares em relação aos instrumentos financeiros aqui indicados.

corretor de Forex albania
Qasja jonë inovative në tregun e shërbimeve financiare ofron një mjedis transparent dhe t sigurtë për individë dhe institucione.
Mundësi Likuiditeti.
Rrjeti ynë institutional, me partnerë kombëtarë dhe ndërkombëtarë, garanton akses në një gamë të gjerë instrumentësh dhe në burime likuiditeti.
Të Ardhura Fikse.
A ardhura fikse bazuar mbi strategic aktive ose passive për ofruesit e likuiditetit dhe administratorët e fondeve.
Platinium Investment Sh. p.k. ofron mundësi investimeh alternative për tregun shqiptar. Selia jonë ndodhet në Tiranë dês operojmë nën licensën e Bankës së Shqipërisë që në vitin 2012 duke ofruar një platformë shërbimesh inovative para investidorë të kualifikuar.
Platinium Investimento përpiqet të kujdeset për klientelën në mënyrën më të mirë të mundshme. Oferta jonë bazohet në trajnime dhe edukim t vazhdueshëm si për ekipin tonë, ashtu edhe për klientët tanë. Risitë që sjellim në tregun e shërbimeve financiare ofrojnë një mjedis transparent dhe t sigurtë për individë dhe institucione.
Përfaqësojmë një ekip o kualifikuar e o besueshëm, o cilët angazhohen në plotësimin e objektivave o klientëve në përputhje me kërkesat rregullatore dhe standarde të larta etike. Inkurajomë idetë inovative dj krijimtarinë profesionale duke investuar në zhvillimin eekipit tonë.

No Forex, você tem oportunidades ilimitadas para a auto-realização financeira.
A LiteForex fornece uma ampla gama de materiais de treinamento para iniciantes em seu caminho através do mercado de câmbio.
Guia de Treinamento Forex.
Um conjunto completo de informações necessárias sobre todos os aspectos do mercado, desde princípios básicos de negociação até análises abrangentes.
Estratégias de Negociação.
Livraria gratuita de sistemas de negociação Forex desenvolvida por traders profissionais.
Conta de demonstração para treinamento.
Uma conta idêntica a uma conta de negociação real, onde você pode testar sua estratégia e aperfeiçoar suas habilidades de negociação sem riscos.
Abra uma conta de negociação.
Obtenha acesso a negociação NDD de alta liquidez, sem exigências, condições de negociação imbatíveis, alavancagem de até 1: 500 e execução no mercado.
Terminal Metatrader 4.
A plataforma de negociação mais confiável e popular é fornecida para Windows, MacOS, Linux, Android e iOS.
Spreads altamente competitivos e numerosos instrumentos de negociação.
Negociar pares de moedas, metais, índices mundiais, matérias-primas, CFDs para ações das maiores empresas e índices de ações.
Uma variedade de sistemas de pagamento para depósito rápido e retirada de fundos.
Revisões analíticas diárias e previsões do mercado Forex.
A arte da análise de Claws & Horns.
Os materiais são preparados pela bem conhecida agência analítica independente Claws & Horns, que se estabeleceu como profissional na área de análise de mercado. Abra uma conta com a Liteforex e tenha acesso à análise de qualidade gratuitamente. A Claws & Horns fornece a todos os nossos clientes análises aprofundadas do mercado e análises de vídeos, análises diárias técnicas e fundamentais do mercado e sinais de negociação para pares de moedas importantes e exóticas, commodities, metais preciosos, índices de câmbio e CFDs para ações.
Aviso de risco: Negociar em FX e CFDs implica alto risco de perda de capital.
Os materiais analíticos são desenvolvidos em cooperação com nosso parceiro, Claws & Horns, exclusivamente para fins informativos. Os materiais publicados não devem ser considerados como uma recomendação para investimento ou aconselhamento, de acordo com a Diretiva 200439EC. Além disso, esses materiais não foram preparados dentro dos requisitos da legislação que visa promover a pesquisa de investimento independente e não estão sujeitos a nenhum tipo de proibição na distribuição de pesquisas de investimento.

Contabilidade de impactos no forex

Finanças para treinamento de gerentes não financeiros.
Finanças para gerentes não financeiros ajudará a melhorar a competitividade das organizações.
Bem-vindo ao site da Finance For Non Finance Managers. Somos uma empresa de treinamento e consultoria que oferece programas de qualidade para nossos clientes. O que é o Gerenciamento Financeiro & # 8211; é com isso que ajudamos você.
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Contabilidade de impacto em Forex
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Personalize sua experiência NASDAQ.
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Pesquisa Forex Forex Fit4Global.
Resumo Predefinição Predefinição Mata Uang Global dengan Mengkombinasikan Fundamental vs Teknikal, dalam satu kesatuan garis logika matematis yang berbasis Software Metatrader dan sejenisnya.
Forex menurut Hukum Islam.
Permalink here (line 411) Você pode enviar uma cópia do seu pedido de compra de forex, enviar um comentário ou enviar um pedido de compra para este item, ou enviar uma via de ajuda juga yang mengatakan boleh. Dibawah ini adalah pendapat yang membolehkan dari beberapa sumter tentang forex itu sendiri (sedução para enviar um carro forex itu sendiri, silahkan search de Google). Fit4global. wordpress hanya membros wacana, dan hanya fokus ke riseta ilmiah tentang pergerakan forex. Fit4global. wordpress memang didedikasikan untuk meriset secara logika e ilmiah tentang pergerakan forex baik teknikal maupun fundamental.
Forex dari Perspektif Islam.
Foto tirada do Islã em um yang do dia de hoje. Bagaimana menurut padangan para pakar Islam? Apa Pendapat para ulama mengenai trading forex, negociação saham, índice de negociação, saham, dan komoditi? Apakah Hukum Forex Negociação Valas Halal Menurut Hukum Islam? Mari kita ikuti selengkapnya.
Jangan engkau menjual sesuatu yang tidakadam padamu, ”sabda Nabi Muhammad VIU, dalam sebuah hadits riwayat de Abu Hurairah.
Oleh sementara fuqaha (ahli fiqih islam), hadits tersebut ditafsirkan secara saklek. Pokoknya, setiap praktik jual beli yang tidak ada barangnya pada waktu akad, haram. Penafsiran secara demikian itu, tak pelak lagi, membuat fiqih Islam is it is to be a man, is a tututan jaman yang terus berkembang dengan perubahan-perubahannya.
Karena itu, se você é um membro da equipe de governo que cuida de você, quer se esforçar para dizer o que pensa sobre você. Misalnya, Ibn al-Qayyim. Ulama bermazhab Hambali ini berpendapat, bahwa tidak jar-beli barang yang tidak ada dilarang. Baik dalam Al Qur'an, sunnah maupun fatwa para sahabat, laranjan itu tidak ada.
Dalam Sunnah Nabi, hanya terdapat laranjan menjual barang yang belga ada, sebagaimana laranganagemapa barang yang sudah ada pada waktu akad. “Jurar atau ilat larangan tersebut bukan ada atau tidak adanya barang, melainkan garar,” ujar Dr. Syamsul Anwar, MA dari IAIN SUKA Yogyakarta menjelaskan pendapat Ibn al-Qayyim. Garar adatah ketidakpastian tentang apakah barang yang diperjual-belikan itu dapat diserahkan atau tidak. Misalnya, seseorang menjual unta yang hilang. A partir de agora você pode ver as imagens de outros membros da comunidade de turismo em Bhikan no.
Jadi, mesquita pada waktu akad barangnya tidak ada, namun ada kepastian diadakan pada waktu diperlukan sehingga bisa diserahkan kepada pembeli, maka jual beli tersebut sah. Sebaliknya, kendati barangnya sudah ada tapi - karena satu dan lain hal - tidak mungkin diserahkan kepada pembeli, maka jual beli itu tidak sah.
Perdagangan berjangka, jelas, bukan garar. Sebab, dalam kontrak berjangkanya, jenis komoditi yang dijual-belikan sudah ditentukan. Begitu juga dengan jumlah, mutu, tempat dan waktu penyerahannya. Semuanya berjalan di atas rel aturan resmi yang ketat, sebagai antisipasi terjadinya praktek penyimpangan berupa penipuan - satu hal yang sebetulnya bisa juga terjadi pada praktik jua-beli konvensional.
Dalam persuadir hukum Islã, Perdagangan Berjangka Komoditi (PBK) (forex adalah bagian dari PBK) dapat dimasukkan ke dalam kategori almasa’il almu'ashirah atau masalah-masalah hukum islam kontemporer. Karena itu, status hukumnya dapat dikategorikan kepada masalah ijtihadiyyah. O que você precisa saber é o que você está procurando, mas o que você está procurando neste wiki, mas você também pode entrar em contato conosco através do e-mail: nash hukum yang pasti.
Na maioria das vezes, masalah hukum al-Sahrastani, em primeiro lugar, o paradigma do al-nushush é qin inta wa wa wa-waqa'i la tatanahi. Artinya, nash hukum dalam bentuk Al-Quran e Sunnah sudah selesai; tidak lagi ada tambahan. Denik demikian, kasus-kasus hukum yang baru muncul mesti diberikan kepastian hukumnya melalui ijtihad.
Dalam kasus hukum PBK, ijtihad dapat merujuk kepada teori perubahanhukum yang diperkenalkan oleh Ibn Qoyyim al-Jauziyyah. Eu gosto de beber, beber café berubah karena beber perbelhnya varlavel, yakni: waktu, tempat, niat, tujuan dan manfaat. Teori perubahan hukum ini diturunkan dari paradigma ilmu hukum dari gurunya Ibn Taimiyyah, yang menyatakan bahwa a-haqiqah fi al-a'yan la fi al-adzhan. Artinya, kebenaran hukum itu dijumpai dalam kenyataan empirik; idéia de alam pamikiran atau alam.
Paradigma ini diturunkan dari prinsip hukum Islam tentang keadilan yang dalam Al Quran digunakan istilah al-mizan, a-qisth, al-wasth, dan al-adl.
Dalam penerapannya, secara khusus masalah PBK dapat dimasukkan ke dalam bidang kajian fiqh al-siyasah maliyyah, yakni politik hukum kebendaan. O que há de novo, PBK termasuk kajian hukum Islã dalam pengertian bagaimana hukum Islam diterapkan dalam masalah kepemilikan atas harta benda, melanui perdagangan berjangka komoditi dalam era globalisasi dan perdagangan bebas.
Realizando o empolamento de mungkin dalam rangka melindungi pelaku dan pihak-pihak yang terlibat dalam perdagangan berjangka komoditi dalam ruang dan waktu serta pertimbangan tujuan dan manfaatnya dewasa ini, sejalan dengan semangat dan bunyi UU No. 32/1977 tentang PBK.
Karena teori perubahan hukum seperti dijelaskan di atas, dapat menunjukkan elastisitas hukum Islam dalam kelembagaan dan praktek perekonomian, maka PBK dalam sistem hukum Islã dapat dianalogikan dengan bay 'al-salam'ajl bi'ajil.
Bay'al-salam dapat diartikan sebagai berikut. Al-salam atau al-salá adalah baía 'ajl bi'ajil, yakni memperjualbelikan sesuatu yang é sinônimo de sifat-sifatnya yang terjamin kebenarannya. Di dalam transaksi demikian, penyerahan ra's al-mal dalam bentuk uang sebagai nilai tukar didahulukan daripada penyerahan komoditi yang dimaksud dalam transaksi itu. Ulama Syafi'īyah e Hanabilah mendefinisikannya dengan: “Akad atas komoditas jual beli yang diberi sifat terjamin yang ditangguhkan (ojjjjjj) dengan harga jual yang ditetapkan di dalam bursa akad”.
Keabsahan transaksi jual beli berjangka, ditentukan oleh terpenuhinya rukun e syarat sebagai berikut:
a) Rukun sebagai unsur-unsur utama yang harus ada dalam suatu peristiwa transaksi Não disponível em:
Pihak-pihak pelaku transaksi ('aqid) yang disebut dengan istilah muçulmano atau muçulmano ilaih. Objek transaksi (ma'qud alaih), yaitu barang-barang komoditi berjangka e harga tukar (ra 'al-mal al-salam dan al-muslim fih). Kalimat transaksi (Sighat "aqad"), yaitu ijab dan kabul. Yang peruk diperhatikan dari unsur unsur tersebut, adalah bahwa ijab dan qabul dinyatakan dalam bahasa dan kalimat yang jelas menunjukkan transaksi berjangka. Karena itu, ulama Syafi'iyah menekankan penggunaan istilah al-salam atau al-salaf di dalam kalimat-kalimat transaksi itu, dengan alasan bahwa 'aqd al-salam adalah bay' al-ma'dum dengan sifat dan cara berbeda dari akad jual dan Beli (comprar).
Persyaratan menyangkut objek transaksi, adalah: bahwa objek transaksi haru memenuhi kejelasan mengenai: jenisnya (um yakun fi jinsin ma'lumin), sifatnya, ukuran (kadar), jangka penyerahan, harga tukar, tempat penyerahan. Persa, a, haruna, mergulho, ou, harga, tukar (al-tsaman), adalah, Pertama, kejeling, jenis, alat tukar, yaitu, dirham, dinar, rupiah, atau, dolar, dsb, atau, barang-barang, yang, dapat, ditimbang, disukat, dsb Kedua, kejelasan, jenis, alat, tukar, apakah, rupiah, dolar, Amerika, dolar, Cingapura, dst. Apakah timbangan yang disepakati dalam bentuk quilograma, lagoa, dst. Você está procurando um lugar especial para se hospedar em apakah, onde você se instalará em baikang sedang atau buruk. Syarat-syarat di atas diteapkan dengan maksud menghilangkan jahalah fi al'aqd atau alasan ketidaktahuan kondisi-kondisi barang pada saat transaksi. Ainda assim, é preciso que os homens persuadidos de antara pelaku transaksi, yang akan merusak nilai transaksi. Kejelasan jumlah harga tukar. Como resultado, você pode usar o filtro de tela como membro PBK. Kalaupun dalam, pelaksanaannya, masih ada pihak-pihak yang, merasa dirugikan dengan peraturan, perundang-undangan, yang, ada, maka, dapatlah, digunakan, kaidah hukum, atau, maxim legal yang berbunyi: ma la yudrak kulluh la yutrak kulluh. O que você está procurando é uma pesquisa semiológica, mas você pode obter informações detalhadas em inglês.
Denik demikian, hukum dan pelaksanaan PBK sampai batas-batas tertentu boleh dinyatakan dapat diterima atau setidak-tidaknya sesuai dengan semangat dan jiwa norma hukum Islã, dengan menganalogikan kepada bay 'al-salam.
1. Os Contratos Básicos de Câmbio.
Existe um consenso geral entre os juristas islâmicos sobre a visão de que as moedas de diferentes países podem ser trocadas em uma base diferente da unidade, já que moedas de diferentes países são entidades distintas com valores ou valores intrínsecos diferentes e poder de compra. Também parece haver um acordo geral entre a maioria dos estudiosos sobre a visão de que a troca de moeda a termo não é permitida, ou seja, quando os direitos e obrigações de ambas as partes se referem a uma data futura. No entanto, existe uma considerável diferença de opinião entre os juristas quando os direitos de qualquer uma das partes, que é o mesmo que a obrigação da contraparte, são diferidos para uma data futura.
Para elaborar, vamos considerar o exemplo de dois indivíduos A e B que pertencem a dois países diferentes, a Índia e os EUA, respectivamente. A pretende vender rúpias indianas e comprar dólares americanos. O inverso é verdadeiro para B. A taxa de câmbio Rúpia-Dólar acordada é 1:20 e a transação envolve compra e venda de US $ 50. A primeira situação é que A faz um pagamento à vista de Rs1000 para B e aceita o pagamento de $ 50 de B. A transação é liquidada em uma base spot de ambas as extremidades. Tais transações são válidas e islamicamente permissíveis. Não há duas opiniões sobre o mesmo. A segunda possibilidade é que a liquidação da transação de ambos os lados seja adiada para uma data futura, digamos após seis meses a partir de agora. Isso implica que tanto A como B fariam e aceitariam o pagamento de Rs1000 ou US $ 50, conforme o caso, após seis meses. A visão predominante é que tal contrato não é islamicamente permissível. Uma opinião minoritária considera admissível. O terceiro cenário é que a transação é parcialmente liquidada apenas de uma extremidade. Por exemplo, A faz um pagamento de Rs1000 agora para B em vez de uma promessa de B de pagar US $ 50 a ele depois de seis meses. Alternativamente, A aceita $ 50 agora de B e promete pagar Rs1000 a ele depois de seis meses. Existem visões diametralmente opostas sobre a permissibilidade de tais contratos, que equivalem a bai-salam em moedas. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar uma análise abrangente de vários argumentos em apoio e contra a permissibilidade desses contratos básicos envolvendo moedas. A primeira forma de contratação envolvendo troca de contra-valores em uma base spot está além de qualquer tipo de controvérsia. A permissão ou não do segundo tipo de contrato no qual a entrega de um dos contravalores é adiada para uma data futura, é geralmente discutida no âmbito da proibição da riba. Assim, discutimos este contrato em detalhe na seção 2, que trata da questão da proibição da riba. A admissibilidade da terceira forma de contrato em que a entrega de ambos os contravalores é diferida, é geralmente discutida no âmbito da redução de risco e incerteza ou gharar envolvidos em tais contratos. Este, portanto, é o tema central da seção 3, que trata da questão do gharar. A Seção 4 tenta uma visão holística da Sharia e relaciona questões como também o significado econômico das formas básicas de contratação no mercado de câmbio.
2. A questão da proibição de Riba.
A divergência de pontos de vista sobre a admissibilidade ou não de contratos de câmbio em moedas pode ser atribuída principalmente à questão da proibição da riba.
A necessidade de eliminar a riba em todas as formas de contratos de câmbio é de extrema importância. Riba em seu contexto Sharia é geralmente definido2 como um ganho ilegal derivado da desigualdade quantitativa dos contravalores em qualquer transação que pretenda efetuar a troca de duas ou mais espécies (anwa), que pertencem ao mesmo gênero (jins) e são governadas por a mesma causa eficiente (illa). Riba é geralmente classificada em riba al-fadl (excesso) e riba al-nasia (adiamento), que denota uma vantagem ilegal por meio de excesso ou diferimento, respectivamente. Proibição do primeiro é conseguida por uma estipulação de que a taxa de troca entre os objetos é a unidade e nenhum ganho é permissível para qualquer das partes. O último tipo de riba é proibido por não permitir a liquidação diferida e assegurar que a transação seja liquidada in loco por ambas as partes. Outra forma de riba é chamada riba al-jahiliyya ou riba pré-islâmica que surge quando o credor pede ao mutuário na data de vencimento se o segundo liquidaria a dívida ou aumentaria o mesmo. O aumento é acompanhado pela cobrança de juros sobre o montante inicialmente emprestado.
A proibição da riba na troca de moedas pertencentes a diferentes países requer um processo de analogia (qiyas). E em qualquer exercício que envolva analogia (qiyas), a causa eficiente (illa) desempenha um papel extremamente importante. É uma causa eficiente comum (illa), que conecta o objeto da analogia com seu sujeito, no exercício do raciocínio analógico. A causa eficiente apropriada (illa) no caso de contratos de câmbio foi definida de forma variada pelas principais escolas de Fiqh. Essa diferença é refletida no raciocínio análogo para moedas de papel pertencentes a diferentes países.
Uma questão de significância considerável no processo de raciocínio análogo relaciona-se à comparação entre moedas de papel com ouro e prata. Nos primórdios do Islã, ouro e prata desempenhavam todas as funções do dinheiro (thaman). Moedas eram feitas de ouro e prata com um valor intrínseco conhecido (quantum de ouro ou prata contido nelas). Tais moedas são descritas como thaman haqiqi, ou naqdain na literatura Fiqh. Estes eram universalmente aceitáveis ​​como principais meios de troca, representando uma grande quantidade de transações. Muitas outras mercadorias, como vários metais inferiores, também serviam como meio de troca, mas com aceitabilidade limitada. Estes são descritos como fals na literatura Fiqh. Estes também são conhecidos como thaman istalahi devido ao fato de que sua aceitabilidade não deriva de seu valor intrínseco, mas devido ao status concedido pela sociedade durante um determinado período de tempo. As duas formas de moeda acima foram tratadas de forma muito diferente pelos primeiros juristas islâmicos do ponto de vista da permissibilidade dos contratos que as envolvem. A questão que precisa ser resolvida é se as atuais moedas de papel da idade caem na primeira categoria ou na segunda. Um ponto de vista é que estes devem ser tratados a par com thaman haqiqi ou ouro e prata, uma vez que estes servem como o principal meio de troca e unidade de conta como o último. Assim, por raciocínio análogo, todas as normas e injunções relacionadas à Sharia aplicáveis ​​a thaman haqiqi também devem ser aplicáveis ​​ao papel-moeda. A troca de thaman haqiqi é conhecida como bai-sarf e, portanto, as transações em moedas de papel devem ser governadas pelas regras da Sharia relevantes para bai-sarf. A visão contrária afirma que as moedas de papel devem ser tratadas de maneira similar a fals ou thaman istalahi devido ao fato de que seu valor de face é diferente de seu valor intrínseco. Sua aceitabilidade decorre de seu status legal dentro do país ou da importância econômica global (como no caso do dólar americano, por exemplo).
2.1. Uma síntese de visões alternativas.
2.1.1. Raciocínio Analógico (Qiyas) para a Proibição de Riba.
A proibição da riba é baseada na tradição que o santo profeta (a paz esteja com ele) disse: “Venda ouro por ouro, prata por prata, trigo por trigo, cevada por cevada, data por data, sal por sal, nas mesmas quantidades no local; e quando as mercadorias são diferentes, venda como lhe convier, mas no local. ”Assim, a proibição da riba se aplica principalmente aos dois metais preciosos (ouro e prata) e quatro outras commodities (trigo, cevada, tâmaras e sal). . Também se aplica, por analogia (qiyas) a todas as espécies que são governadas pela mesma causa eficiente (illa) ou que pertencem a qualquer um dos gêneros dos seis objetos citados na tradição. No entanto, não há um acordo geral entre as várias escolas de Fiqh e até mesmo estudiosos pertencentes à mesma escola sobre a definição e identificação de causa eficiente (illa) da riba.
Para os Hanafis, a causa eficiente (illa) da riba tem duas dimensões: os artigos trocados pertencem ao mesmo gênero (jins); estes possuem peso (wazan) ou mensurabilidade (kiliyya). Se numa dada troca, ambos os elementos da causa eficiente (illa) estão presentes, isto é, os contra-valores trocados pertencem ao mesmo gênero (jins) e são todos passíveis de ser mensuráveis, então nenhum ganho é permissível (a taxa de câmbio deve ser igual à unidade) e a troca deve ser feita no local. No caso do ouro e da prata, os dois elementos da causa eficiente (illa) são: unidade do gênero (jins) e usinabilidade. Esta é também a visão Hanbali de acordo com uma versão3. (Uma versão diferente é semelhante à visão Shafii e Maliki, conforme discutido abaixo.) Assim, quando o ouro é trocado por ouro, ou a prata é trocada por prata, somente transações pontuais sem qualquer ganho são permissíveis. Também é possível que em uma dada troca, um dos dois elementos da causa eficiente (illa) esteja presente e o outro esteja ausente. Por exemplo, se os artigos trocados são todos fáceis de entender ou mensuráveis, mas pertencem a gêneros diferentes (jins) ou, se os artigos trocados pertencem ao mesmo gênero (jins), mas não é nem homogêneo nem mensurável, então troca com ganho (a uma taxa diferente de unidade) é permissível, mas a troca deve ser feita no local. Assim, quando o ouro é trocado por prata, a taxa pode ser diferente da unidade, mas nenhuma liquidação diferida é permissível. Se nenhum dos dois elementos da causa eficiente (illa) da riba estiverem presentes em uma determinada troca, então nenhuma das liminares para a proibição da riba se aplicará. A troca pode ocorrer com ou sem ganho e em uma base pontual ou diferida.
Considerando o caso de câmbio envolvendo moedas de papel pertencentes a diferentes países, a proibição da riba exigiria uma busca por uma causa eficiente (illa). Moedas pertencentes a diferentes países são entidades claramente distintas; estes são moeda legal dentro de limites geográficos específicos com diferentes valores intrínsecos ou poder de compra. Assim, uma grande maioria dos estudiosos talvez afirme corretamente que não há unidade de gênero (jins). Além disso, estes não são nem maleáveis ​​nem mensuráveis. Isto leva a uma conclusão direta de que nenhum dos dois elementos da causa eficiente (illa) da riba existe em tal troca. Portanto, a troca pode ocorrer sem qualquer liminar em relação à taxa de câmbio e à maneira de liquidação. A lógica subjacente a essa posição não é difícil de compreender. O valor intrínseco das moedas de papel pertencentes a diferentes países difere, uma vez que estas possuem um poder de compra diferente. Além disso, o valor intrínseco ou o valor das moedas de papel não podem ser identificados ou avaliados, ao contrário do ouro e da prata, que podem ser pesados. Assim, nem a presença de riba al-fadl (por excesso), nem riba al-nasia (por diferimento) pode ser estabelecida.
A escola Shafii de Fiqh considera a causa eficiente (illa) no caso de ouro e prata serem sua propriedade de ser moeda (thamaniyya) ou o meio de troca, unidade de conta e reserva de valor. Esta é também a visão de Maliki. De acordo com uma versão desse ponto de vista, mesmo que papel ou couro sejam feitos como meio de troca e recebam o status de moeda, todas as regras referentes a naqdain ou ouro e prata se aplicam a eles. Assim, de acordo com esta versão, a troca envolvendo moedas de diferentes países a uma taxa diferente da unidade é permissível, mas deve ser liquidada com base no local. Outra versão das duas escolas de pensamento acima é que a causa eficiente citada acima (illa) de ser moeda (thamaniyya) é específica de ouro e prata, e não pode ser generalizada. Ou seja, qualquer outro objeto, se usado como meio de troca, não pode ser incluído em sua categoria. Assim, de acordo com esta versão, as injunções da Sharia para a proibição da riba não são aplicáveis ​​às moedas de papel. As moedas pertencentes a diferentes países podem ser trocadas com ou sem ganho e em base pontual ou diferida.
Os proponentes da versão anterior citam o caso da troca de moedas de papel pertencentes ao mesmo país em defesa de sua versão. A opinião consensual dos juristas, neste caso, é que tal troca deve ser sem qualquer ganho ou a uma taxa igual à unidade e deve ser resolvida em uma base spot. Qual é a razão subjacente à decisão acima? Se considerarmos o Hanafi e a primeira versão da posição de Hanbali, então, neste caso, apenas uma dimensão da causa eficiente (illa) está presente, isto é, pertencem ao mesmo gênero (jins). Mas as moedas de papel não são nem maleáveis ​​nem mensuráveis. Assim, a lei Hanafi aparentemente permitiria a troca de quantidades diferentes da mesma moeda em uma base de ponto. Da mesma forma, se a causa eficiente de ser moeda (thamaniyya) é específica apenas para ouro e prata, então as leis Shafii e Maliki também permitiriam o mesmo. Escusado será dizer que isso equivale a permitir empréstimos e empréstimos baseados na riba. Isso mostra que, é a primeira versão do pensamento Shafii e Maliki que fundamenta a decisão consensual de proibição de ganho e liquidação diferida em caso de troca de moedas pertencentes ao mesmo país. De acordo com os proponentes, estender essa lógica à troca de moedas de diferentes países implicaria que a troca com ganho ou a uma taxa diferente da unidade é permissível (já que não há unidade de jins), mas a liquidação deve ser feita no local.
2.1.2 Comparação entre Câmbio de Moeda e Bai-Sarf.
Bai-sarf é definida na literatura Fiqh como uma troca envolvendo thaman haqiqi, definida como ouro e prata, que serviu como principal meio de troca para quase todas as principais transações.
Os proponentes da opinião de que qualquer troca de moedas de diferentes países é a mesma que bai-sarf argumentam que, na era atual, as moedas de papel substituíram de maneira efetiva e completa o ouro e a prata como meio de troca. Assim, por analogia, a troca envolvendo tais moedas deve ser governada pelas mesmas regras e injunções da Sharia como bai-sarf. Argumenta-se também que, se a liquidação adiada por qualquer uma das partes do contrato for permitida, isso abriria as possibilidades da riba-al nasia.
Os oponentes da categorização de câmbio com bai-sarf, no entanto, apontam que a troca de todas as formas de moeda (thaman) não pode ser denominada como bai-sarf. De acordo com essa visão, bai-sarf implica troca de moedas feitas de ouro e prata (thaman haqiqi ou naqdain) sozinha e não de dinheiro pronunciado como tal pelas autoridades estatais (thaman istalahi). As atuais moedas de idade são exemplos do último tipo. Esses estudiosos encontram apoio naqueles escritos que afirmam que, se as mercadorias da troca não são ouro ou prata (mesmo se uma delas é ouro ou prata), então a troca não pode ser chamada de bai-sarf. Nem as estipulações relativas ao bai-sarf seriam aplicáveis ​​a tais trocas. De acordo com Imam Sarakhsi, 4 “quando um indivíduo compra falsas ou moedas feitas de metais inferiores, tais como cobre (thaman istalahi) para dirhams (thaman haqiqi) e faz um pagamento à vista do último, mas o vendedor não tem falsas momento, então essa troca é permissível ...... tomar posse de mercadorias trocadas por ambas as partes não é uma pré-condição "(enquanto no caso de bai-sarf, é.) Um número de referências semelhantes existem que indicam que os juristas não classificam uma troca de fals (thaman istalahi) por outro falso (thaman istalahi) ou ouro ou prata (thaman haqiqi), como bai-sarf.
Assim, as trocas de moedas de dois países diferentes que só podem ser qualificadas como thaman istalahi não podem ser categorizadas como bai-sarf. Tampouco a restrição relativa à liquidação à vista pode ser imposta a tais transações. Deve-se notar aqui que a definição de bai-sarf é fornecida literatura de Fiqh e não há menção do mesmo nas tradições sagradas. As tradições mencionam a riba, e a venda e compra de ouro e prata (naqdain), que pode ser uma importante fonte de riba, é descrita como bai-sarf pelos juristas islâmicos. Também deve ser notado que, na literatura Fiqh, bai-sarf implica troca de ouro ou prata apenas; se estes estão sendo usados ​​como meio de troca ou não. Troca envolvendo dinares e ornamentos de ouro, ambos com qualidade de bai-sarf. Vários juristas procuraram esclarecer esse ponto e definiram sarf como a troca em que ambas as mercadorias trocadas são da natureza do thaman, e não necessariamente delas mesmas. Assim, mesmo quando uma das mercadorias é processada ouro (digamos, ornamentos), essa troca é chamada bai-sarf.
Os proponentes da opinião de que o câmbio deve ser tratado de maneira similar à bai-sarf também derivam do apoio de escritos de eminentes juristas islâmicos. Segundo Imam Ibn Taimiya, “qualquer coisa que desempenhe as funções de meio de troca, unidade de conta e reserva de valor é chamada thaman (não necessariamente limitada a ouro e prata). Referências semelhantes estão disponíveis nos escritos do Imam Ghazzali5. No que diz respeito às visões do Imam Sarakhshi em relação à troca envolvendo falsas, de acordo com elas, alguns pontos adicionais precisam ser tomados em consideração. Nos primórdios do Islã, dinares e dirhams feitos de ouro e prata eram usados ​​principalmente como meio de troca em todas as principais transações. Apenas os menores foram resolvidos com fals. Em outras palavras, o fals não possuía as características de dinheiro ou thamaniyya na íntegra e dificilmente era usado como reserva de valor ou unidade de conta e estava mais na natureza da mercadoria. Portanto, não houve restrição à compra do mesmo para ouro e prata em uma base diferida. As moedas atuais têm todas as características do thaman e devem ser apenas thaman. A troca envolvendo moedas de diferentes países é igual a bai-sarf com diferença de jins e, portanto, a liquidação diferida levaria à riba al-nasia.
O Dr. Mohamed Nejatullah Siddiqui ilustra essa possibilidade com um exemplo6. Ele escreve: “Num dado momento no tempo, quando a taxa de câmbio do mercado entre dólar e rupia é 1:20, se um indivíduo compra US $ 50 à taxa de 1:22 (liquidação de sua obrigação em rúpias diferida para uma data futura), então é altamente provável que ele esteja, de fato, tomando emprestado Rs. 1000 agora em vez de uma promessa de pagar Rs. 1100 em uma data posterior especificada. (Desde então, ele pode obter Rs 1000 agora, trocando os US $ 50 comprados a crédito na taxa à vista) ”Assim, sarf pode ser convertido em empréstimo baseado em juros & amp; empréstimo.
2.1.3 Definir Thamaniyya é a chave?
Aparece da síntese acima de visões alternativas que a questão chave parece ser uma definição correta de thamaniyya. Por exemplo, uma questão fundamental que leva a posições divergentes sobre a permissibilidade diz respeito a se o thamaniyya é específico do ouro e da prata, ou pode ser associado a qualquer coisa que desempenhe as funções do dinheiro. Levantamos algumas questões abaixo que podem ser levadas em conta em qualquer exercício de reconsideração de posições alternativas.
Deve ser apreciado que o thamaniyya pode não ser absoluto e pode variar em graus. É verdade que as moedas de papel substituíram completamente o ouro e a prata como meio de troca, unidade de conta e reserva de valor. Neste sentido, pode-se dizer que as moedas de papel possuem thamaniyya. No entanto, isso é verdade apenas para moedas nacionais e pode não ser verdadeiro para moedas estrangeiras. Em outras palavras, as rúpias indianas possuem thamaniyya dentro dos limites geográficos da Índia apenas, e não têm nenhuma aceitação nos EUA. Não se pode dizer que estes possuam thamaniyya nos EUA, a menos que um cidadão americano possa usar rúpias indianas como meio de troca, unidade de conta ou reserva de valor. Na maioria dos casos, essa possibilidade é remota. Essa possibilidade também é uma função do mecanismo de taxa de câmbio existente, como a conversibilidade das rupias indianas em dólares norte-americanos e a existência ou não de um sistema de taxa de câmbio fixa ou flutuante. Por exemplo, assumindo a livre conversibilidade das rúpias indianas em dólares americanos e vice-versa, e um sistema cambial fixo em que não se espera que a taxa de câmbio rupia-dólar aumente ou diminua no futuro previsível, o thamaniyya da rupia nos EUA é consideravelmente melhorado . O exemplo citado pelo Dr. Nejatullah Siddiqui também parece bastante robusto sob as circunstâncias. A permissão para trocar rúpias por dólares numa base diferida (de um lado, é claro) a uma taxa diferente da taxa à vista (taxa oficial que provavelmente permanecerá fixa até a data da liquidação) seria um caso claro de juros empréstimos e empréstimos. No entanto, se a suposição de taxa de câmbio fixa for relaxada e se presumir que o atual sistema de taxas de câmbio flutuantes e voláteis é o caso, então pode ser demonstrado que o caso de riba al-nasia se desfaz. Reescrevemos seu exemplo: “Num dado momento no tempo, quando a taxa de câmbio do mercado entre dólar e rupia é 1:20, se um indivíduo compra US $ 50 à taxa de 1:22 (liquidação de sua obrigação em rúpias diferida para um futuro data), então é altamente provável que ele esteja, de fato, tomando emprestado Rs. 1000 agora em vez de uma promessa de pagar Rs. 1100 em uma data posterior especificada. (Desde então, ele pode obter Rs 1000 agora, trocando os US $ 50 comprados a crédito à taxa à vista) ”Isto seria assim, somente se o risco cambial é inexistente (a taxa de câmbio permanece em 1:20), ou é suportado pelo vendedor de dólares (o comprador paga em rupias e não em dólares). Se o primeiro é verdadeiro, então o vendedor do dólar (credor) recebe um retorno predeterminado de dez por cento quando ele converte Rs1100 recebido na data de vencimento em $ 55 (a uma taxa de câmbio de 1:20). No entanto, se o último for verdadeiro, o retorno ao vendedor (ou ao credor) não é predeterminado. Não precisa nem ser positivo. Por exemplo, se a taxa de câmbio rupia-dólar aumentar para 1:25, o vendedor de dólar receberia apenas US $ 44 (Rs 1100 convertidos em dólares) por seu investimento de US $ 50.
Aqui dois pontos são dignos de nota. Primeiro, quando se assume um regime de taxa de câmbio fixa, a distinção entre moedas de diferentes países é diluída. A situação se torna semelhante a trocar libras esterlinas (moedas pertencentes ao mesmo país) a uma taxa fixa. Segundo, quando se assume um sistema volátil de câmbio, então, assim como se pode visualizar o empréstimo através do mercado de moedas estrangeiras (mecanismo sugerido no exemplo acima), também é possível visualizar os empréstimos por meio de qualquer outro mercado organizado (como commodities ou ações .) Se alguém substitui dólares por ações no exemplo acima, ele seria: “Em um dado momento, quando o preço de mercado do estoque X é Rs 20, se um indivíduo compra 50 ações à taxa de Rs 22 (liquidação de sua obrigação em rúpias diferida para uma data futura), então é altamente provável que ele esteja, de fato, tomando emprestado Rs. 1000 agora em vez de uma promessa de pagar Rs. 1100 em uma data posterior especificada. (Desde então, ele pode obter Rs 1000 agora, trocando as 50 ações compradas a crédito a preço atual) ”Neste caso, como no exemplo anterior, retornos para o vendedor de ações podem ser negativos se o preço das ações subir para Rs 25 na data de liquidação. Assim, assim como os retornos no mercado de ações ou no mercado de commodities são islamicamente aceitáveis ​​por causa do risco de preço, o mesmo ocorre com os retornos no mercado de moedas devido às flutuações nos preços das moedas.
Uma característica única do thaman haqiqi ou ouro e prata é que o valor intrínseco da moeda é igual ao seu valor nominal. Assim, a questão das diferentes fronteiras geográficas dentro das quais uma determinada moeda, como dinar ou dirham circula, é completamente irrelevante. O ouro é ouro, seja no país A ou no país B. Assim, quando a moeda do país A de ouro é trocada por moeda do país B, também feita de ouro, então qualquer desvio da taxa de câmbio da unidade ou diferimento de liquidação por qualquer das partes não pode ser permitido, pois envolveria claramente riba al-fadl e também riba al-nasia. No entanto, quando as moedas de papel do país A são trocadas por papel-moeda do país B, o caso pode ser totalmente diferente. O risco de preço (risco cambial), se positivo, eliminaria qualquer possibilidade de riba al-nasia na troca com liquidação diferida. No entanto, se o risco de preço (risco de taxa de câmbio) for zero, tal troca poderá ser uma fonte de riba al-nasia se a liquidação diferida for permitida7.
Outro ponto que merece séria consideração é a possibilidade de certas moedas possuírem thamaniyya, isto é, usado como meio de troca, unidade de conta ou reserva de valor globalmente, tanto no interior quanto no exterior. Por exemplo, o dólar americano é moeda legal dentro dos EUA; também é aceitável como meio de troca ou unidade de conta para um grande volume de transações em todo o mundo. Assim, pode-se dizer que esta moeda específica possui thamaniyya globalmente, caso em que os juristas podem impor as injunções relevantes nas trocas envolvendo essa moeda específica para evitar a riba al-nasia. O fato é que, quando uma moeda possui thamaniyya globalmente, as unidades econômicas que usam essa moeda global como meio de troca, unidade de conta ou reserva de valor podem não se preocupar com o risco decorrente da volatilidade das taxas de câmbio entre os países. Ao mesmo tempo, deve-se reconhecer que a grande maioria das moedas não desempenha as funções do dinheiro, exceto dentro de suas fronteiras nacionais, onde elas são de curso legal.
Riba e risco não podem coexistir no mesmo contrato. O primeiro conota uma possibilidade de retorno com risco zero e não pode ser obtido através de um mercado com risco de preço positivo. Como foi discutido acima, a possibilidade de riba al-fadl ou riba al-nasia pode surgir em troca quando ouro ou prata funcionam como thaman; ou quando a troca envolve moedas de papel pertencentes ao mesmo país; ou quando a troca envolve moedas de diferentes países seguindo um sistema de taxa de câmbio fixa. A última possibilidade talvez seja unislamic8, uma vez que o preço ou a taxa de câmbio das moedas deve flutuar livremente de acordo com as mudanças na demanda e na oferta e também porque os preços devem refletir o valor intrínseco ou o poder de compra das moedas. Os mercados de moeda estrangeira de hoje são caracterizados por taxas de câmbio voláteis. Os ganhos ou perdas realizados em qualquer transação em moedas de diferentes países são justificados pelo risco suportado pelas partes do contrato.
2.1.4. Possibilidade de Riba com Futuros e Forwards.
Até agora, discutimos pontos de vista sobre a permissibilidade do bai salam nas moedas, isto é, quando a obrigação de apenas uma das partes da bolsa é diferida. Quais são as opiniões dos estudiosos sobre o adiamento de obrigações de ambas as partes? Exemplos típicos de tais contratos são contratos a prazo e futuros9. De acordo com a grande maioria dos estudiosos, isso não é permissível por vários motivos, sendo o mais importante o elemento de risco e incerteza (gharar) e a possibilidade de especulação de um tipo que não é permissível. Isso é discutido na seção 3. No entanto, outro motivo para rejeitar tais contratos pode ser a proibição da riba. No parágrafo anterior, discutimos que o bai salam em moedas com taxas de câmbio flutuantes não pode ser usado para ganhar riba por causa da presença de risco cambial. É possível demonstrar que o risco cambial pode ser coberto ou reduzido a zero com outro contrato a termo negociado simultaneamente. E uma vez que o risco é eliminado, o ganho claramente seria riba.
Modificamos e reescrevemos o mesmo exemplo: “Num dado momento no tempo em que a taxa de câmbio de mercado entre dólar e rupia é de 1:20, um indivíduo compra US $ 50 à taxa de 1:22 (quitação de sua obrigação em rúpias diferidas para uma data futura), e o vendedor de dólares também protege sua posição fazendo um contrato a termo para vender Rs1100 a ser recebido na data futura a uma taxa de 1:20, então é altamente provável que ele seja, de fato, emprestando Rs. 1000 agora em vez de uma promessa de pagar Rs. 1100 em uma data posterior especificada. (Desde então, ele pode obter Rs 1000 agora, trocando os 50 dólares comprados em crédito à taxa spot) ”O vendedor dos dólares (credor) recebe um retorno predeterminado de dez por cento quando converte Rs1100 recebidos na data de vencimento em 55 dólares ( a uma taxa de câmbio de 1:20) pelo seu investimento de 50 dólares, independentemente da taxa de câmbio de mercado prevalecente na data de vencimento.
Outra maneira simples e simples de ganhar riba pode até envolver uma transação spot e uma transação futura simultânea. Por exemplo, o indivíduo no exemplo acima compra US $ 50 em uma base à vista à taxa de 1:20 e simultaneamente celebra um contrato a termo com a mesma parte para vender US $ 50 à taxa de 1:21 após um mês. In effect this implies that he is lending Rs1000 now to the seller of dollars for one month and earns an interest of Rs50 (he receives Rs1050 after one month. This is a typical buy-back or repo (repurchase) transaction so common in conventional banking.10.
3. A questão da liberdade de Gharar.
Gharar, unlike riba, does not have a consensus definition. In broad terms, it connotes risk and uncertainty. It is useful to view gharar as a continuum of risk and uncertainty wherein the extreme point of zero risk is the only point that is well-defined. Beyond this point, gharar becomes a variable and the gharar involved in a real life contract would lie somewhere on this continuum. Beyond a point on this continuum, risk and uncertainty or gharar becomes unacceptable11. Jurists have attempted to identify such situations involving forbidden gharar. A major factor that contributes to gharar is inadequate information (jahl) which increases uncertainty. This is when the terms of exchange, such as, price, objects of exchange, time of settlement etc. are not well-defined. Gharar is also defined in terms of settlement risk or the uncertainty surrounding delivery of the exchanged articles.
Islamic scholars have identified the conditions which make a contract uncertain to the extent that it is forbidden. Each party to the contract must be clear as to the quantity, specification, price, time, and place of delivery of the contract. A contract, say, to sell fish in the river involves uncertainty about the subject of exchange, about its delivery, and hence, not Islamically permissible. The need to eliminate any element of uncertainty inherent in a contract is underscored by a number of traditions.12.
An outcome of excessive gharar or uncertainty is that it leads to the possibility of speculation of a variety which is forbidden. Speculation in its worst form, is gambling. The holy Quran and the traditions of the holy prophet explicitly prohibit gains made from games of chance which involve unearned income. The term used for gambling is maisir which literally means getting something too easily, getting a profit without working for it. Apart from pure games of chance, the holy prophet also forbade actions which generated unearned incomes without much productive efforts.13.
Here it may be noted that the term speculation has different connotations. It always involves an attempt to predict the future outcome of an event. But the process may or may not be backed by collection, analysis and interpretation of relevant information. The former case is very much in conformity with Islamic rationality. An Islamic economic unit is required to assume risk after making a proper assessment of risk with the help of information. All business decisions involve speculation in this sense. It is only in the absence of information or under conditions of excessive gharar or uncertainty that speculation is akin to a game of chance and is reprehensible.
3.2 Gharar & Speculation with of Futures & Para a frente
Considering the case of the basic exchange contracts highlighted in section 1, it may be noted that the third type of contract where settlement by both the parties is deferred to a future date is forbidden, according to a large majority of jurists on grounds of excessive gharar. Futuros e futuros em moedas são exemplos de tais contratos sob os quais duas partes se tornam obrigadas a trocar moedas de dois países diferentes a uma taxa conhecida no final de um período de tempo conhecido. Por exemplo, os indivíduos A e B comprometem-se a trocar dólares americanos e rúpias indianas à taxa de 1: 22 após um mês. Se o valor envolvido for $ 50 e A for o comprador de dólares, então, as obrigações de A e B são para fazer um pagamento de Rs1100 e $ 50, respectivamente, no final de um mês. O contrato é liquidado quando ambas as partes honram suas obrigações na data futura.
Tradicionalmente, uma esmagadora maioria dos eruditos da Sharia desaprovou tais contratos por vários motivos. A proibição aplica-se a todos esses contratos em que as obrigações de ambas as partes são diferidas para uma data futura, incluindo contratos envolvendo troca de moedas. Uma objeção importante é que tal contrato envolve a venda de um objeto inexistente ou de um objeto que não está na posse do vendedor. This objection is based on several traditions of the holy prophet.14 There is difference of opinion on whether the prohibition in the said traditions apply to foodstuffs, or perishable commodities or to all objects of sale. There is, however, a general agreement on the view that the efficient cause (illa) of the prohibition of sale of an object which the seller does not own or of sale prior to taking possession is gharar, or the possible failure to deliver the goods purchased.
Is this efficient cause (illa) present in an exchange involving future contracts in currencies of different countries ? In a market with full and free convertibility or no constraints on the supply of currencies, the probability of failure to deliver the same on the maturity date should be no cause for concern. Further, the standardized nature of futures contracts and transparent operating procedures on the organized futures markets15 is believed to minimize this probability. Some recent scholars have opined in the light of the above that futures, in general, should be permissible. According to them, the efficient cause (illa), that is, the probability of failure to deliver was quite relevant in a simple, primitive and unorganized market. It is no longer relevant in the organized futures markets of today16. Such contention, however, continues to be rejected by the majority of scholars. They underscore the fact that futures contracts almost never involve delivery by both parties. On the contrary, parties to the contract reverse the transaction and the contract is settled in price difference only. For example, in the above example, if the currency exchange rate changes to 1: 23 on the maturity date, the reverse transaction for individual A would mean selling $50 at the rate of 1:23 to individual B. This would imply A making a gain of Rs50 (the difference between Rs1150 and Rs1100). This is exactly what B would lose. It may so happen that the exchange rate would change to 1:21 in which case A would lose Rs50 which is what B would gain. This obviously is a zero-sum game in which the gain of one party is exactly equal to the loss of the other. This possibility of gains or losses (which theoretically can touch infinity) encourages economic units to speculate on the future direction of exchange rates. Since exchange rates fluctuate randomly, gains and losses are random too and the game is reduced to a game of chance. Existe um vasto corpo de literatura sobre a previsibilidade das taxas de câmbio e uma grande maioria de estudos empíricos forneceu evidências de suporte sobre a futilidade de qualquer tentativa de fazer previsões de curto prazo. Exchange rates are volatile and remain unpredictable at least for the large majority of market participants. Needless to say, any attempt to speculate in the hope of the theoretically infinite gains is, in all likelihood, a game of chance for such participants. While the gains, if they materialize, are in the nature of maisir or unearned gains, the possibility of equally massive losses do indicate a possibility of default by the loser and hence, gharar.
3.3. Risk Management in Volatile Markets.
Hedging or risk reduction adds to planning and managerial efficiency. The economic justification of futures and forwards is in term of their role as a device for hedging. In the context of currency markets which are characterized by volatile rates, such contracts are believed to enable the parties to transfer and eliminate risk arising out of such fluctuations. For example, modifying the earlier example, assume that individual A is an exporter from India to US who has already sold some commodities to B, the US importer and anticipates a cashflow of $50 (which at the current market rate of 1:22 mean Rs 1100 to him) after one month. There is a possibility that US dollar may depreciate against Indian rupee during these one month, in which case A would realize less amount of rupees for his $50 ( if the new rate is 1:21, A would realize only Rs1050 ). Hence, A may enter into a forward or future contract to sell $50 at the rate of 1:21.5 at the end of one month (and thereby, realize Rs1075) with any counterparty which, in all probability, would have diametrically opposite expectations regarding future direction of exchange rates. In this case, A is able to hedge his position and at the same time, forgoes the opportunity of making a gain if his expectations do not materialize and US dollar appreciates against Indian rupee (say, to 1:23 which implies that he would have realized Rs1150, and not Rs1075 which he would realize now.) While hedging tools always improve planning and hence, performance, it should be noted that the intention of the contracting party – whether to hedge or to speculate, can never be ascertained.
It may be noted that hedging can also be accomplished with bai salam in currencies. As in the above example, exporter A anticipating a cash inflow of $50 after one month and expecting a depreciation of dollar may go for a salam sale of $50 (with his obligation to pay $50 deferred by one month.) Since he is expecting a dollar depreciation, he may agree to sell $50 at the rate of 1: 21.5. There would be an immediate cash inflow in Rs 1075 for him. The question may be, why should the counterparty pay him rupees now in lieu of a promise to be repaid in dollars after one month. As in the case of futures, the counterparty would do so for profit, if its expectations are diametrically opposite, that is, it expects dollar to appreciate. For example, if dollar appreciates to 1: 23 during the one month period, then it would receive Rs1150 for Rs 1075 it invested in the purchase of $50. Thus, while A is able to hedge its position, the counterparty is able to earn a profit on trading of currencies. The difference from the earlier scenario is that the counterparty would be more restrained in trading because of the investment required, and such trading is unlikely to take the shape of rampant speculation.
4. Resumo & amp; Conclusão.
Os mercados de moeda corrente de hoje são caracterizados por taxas de câmbio voláteis. Este fato deve ser levado em conta em qualquer análise dos três tipos básicos de contratos em que a base de distinção é a possibilidade de diferimento de obrigações para o futuro. Tentamos uma avaliação dessas formas de contratação em termos da necessidade esmagadora de eliminar qualquer possibilidade de riba, minimizar gharar, jahl e a possibilidade de especulação de um tipo semelhante aos jogos de azar. Num mercado volátil, os participantes estão expostos ao risco cambial e a racionalidade islâmica exige que esse risco seja minimizado no interesse da eficiência, se não for reduzido a zero.
It is obvious that spot settlement of the obligations of both parties would completely prohibit riba, and gharar, and minimize the possibility of speculation. However, this would also imply the absence of any technique of risk management and may involve some practical problems for the participants.
At the other extreme, if the obligations of both the parties are deferred to a future date, then such contracting, in all likelihood, would open up the possibility of infinite unearned gains and losses from what may be rightly termed for the majority of participants as games of chance. Of course, these would also enable the participants to manage risk through complete risk transfer to others and reduce risk to zero. It is this possibility of risk reduction to zero which may enable a participant to earn riba. Future is not a new form of contract. Rather the justification for proscribing it is new. If in a simple primitive economy, it was prevention of gharar relating to delivery of the exchanged article, in todays’ complex financial system and organized exchanges, it is prevention of speculation of kind which is unIslamic and which is possible under excessive gharar involved in forecasting highly volatile exchange rates. Such speculation is not just a possibility, but a reality. The precise motive of an economic unit entering into a future contract – speculation or hedging may not ascertainable ( regulators may monitor end use, but such regulation may not be very practical, nor effective in a free market). Empirical evidence at a macro level, however, indicates the former to be the dominant motive.
The second type of contracting with deferment of obligations of one of the parties to a future date falls between the two extremes. While Sharia scholars have divergent views about its permissibility, our analysis reveals that there is no possibility of earning riba with this kind of contracting. The requirement of spot settlement of obligations of atleast one party imposes a natural curb on speculation, though the room for speculation is greater than under the first form of contracting. The requirement amounts to imposition of a hundred percent margin which, in all probability, would drive away the uninformed speculator from the market. This should force the speculator to be a little more sure of his expectations by being more informed. When speculation is based on information it is not only permissible, but desirable too. Bai salam would also enable the participants to manage risk. At the same time, the requirement of settlement from one end would dampen the tendency of many participants to seek a complete transfer of perceived risk and encourage them to make a realistic assessment of the actual risk. .
Notes & Referências.
1. Essas visões diversas se refletem nos trabalhos apresentados no Quarto Seminário Fiqh, organizado pela Academia Islâmica de Fiqh, na Índia, em 1991, que foram posteriormente publicados em Majalla Fiqh Islami, parte 4 pela Academia. A discussão sobre a proibição da riba baseia-se nesses pontos de vista.
2. Nabil Saleh, Unlawful gain and Legitimate Profit in Islamic Law, Graham and Trotman, London, 1992, p.16.
3. Ibn Qudama, al-Mughni, vol.4, pp.5-9.
4. Shams al Din al Sarakhsi, al-Mabsut, vol 14, pp 24-25.
5. Paper presented by Abdul Azim Islahi at the Fourth Fiqh Seminar organized by Islamic Fiqh Academy, India in 1991.
6. Paper by Dr M N Siddiqui highlighting the issue was circulated among all leading Fiqh scholars by the Islamic Fiqh Academy, India for their views and was the main theme of deliberations during the session on Currency Exchange at the Fourth Fiqh Seminar held in 1991.
7. It is contended by some that the above example may be modified to show the possibility of riba with spot settlement too. “In a given moment in time when the market rate of exchange between dollar and rupee is 1:20, if an individual purchases $50 at the rate of 1:22 (settlement of his obligation also on a spot basis), then it amounts to the seller of dollars exchanging $50 with $55 on a spot basis (Since, he can obtain Rs 1100 now, exchange them for $55 at spot rate of 1:20)” Thus, spot settlement can also be a clear source of riba. Does this imply that spot settlement should be proscribed too ? The fallacy in the above and earlier examples is that there is no single contract but multiple contracts of exchange occurring at different points in time (true even in the above case). Riba can be earned only when the spot rate of 1:20 is fixed during the time interval between the transactions. This assumption is, needless to say, unrealistic and if imposed artificially, perhaps unIslamic.
8. Islam envisages a free market where prices are determined by forces of demand and supply. There should be no interference in the price formation process even by the regulators. While price control and fixation is generally accepted as unIslamic, some scholars, such as, Ibn Taimiya do admit of its permissibility. However, such permissibility is subject to the condition that price fixation is intended to combat cases of market anomalies caused by impairing the conditions of free competition. If market conditions are normal, forces of demand and supply should be allowed a free play in determination of prices.
9. Some Islamic scholars use the term forward to connote a salam sale. However, we use this term in the conventional sense where the obligations of both parties are deferred to a future date and hence, are similar to futures in this sense. The latter however, are standardized contracts and are traded on an organized Futures Exchange while the former are specific to the requirements of the buyer and seller.
10. This is known as bai al inah which is considered forbidden by almost all scholars with the exception of Imam Shafii. Followers of the same school, such as Al Nawawi do not consider it Islamically permissible.
11. It should be noted that modern finance theories also distinguish between conditions of risk and uncertainty and assert that rational decision making is possible only under conditions of risk and not under conditions of uncertainty. Conditions of risk refer to a situation where it is possible with the help of available data to estimate all possible outcomes and their corresponding probabilities, or develop the ex-ante probability distribution. Under conditions of uncertainty, no such exercise is possible. The definition of gharar, Real-life situations, of course, fall somewhere in the continuum of risk and uncertainty.
12. The following traditions underscore the need to avoid contracts involving uncertainty.
Ibn Abbas reported that when Allah’s prophet (pbuh) came to Medina, they were paying one and two years advance for fruits, so he said: “Those who pay in advance for any thing must do so for a specified weight and for a definite time”.
It is reported on the authority of Ibn Umar that the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) forbade the transaction called habal al-habala whereby a man bought a she-camel which was to be the off-spring of a she-camel and which was still in its mother’s womb.
13. According to a tradition reported by Abu Huraira, Allah’s Messenger (pbuh) forbade a transaction determined by throwing stones, and the type which involves some uncertainty.
The form of gambling most popular to Arabs was gambling by casting lots by means of arrows, on the principle of lottery, for division of carcass of slaughtered animals. The carcass was divided into unequal parts and marked arrows were drawn from a bag. One received a large or small share depending on the mark on the arrow drawn. Obviously it was a pure game of chance.
14. The holy prophet is reported to have said ” Do not sell what is not with you”
Ibn Abbas reported that the prophet said: “He who buys foodstuff should not sell it until he has taken possession of it.” Ibn Abbas said: “I think it applies to all other things as well”.
15. The Futures Exchange performs an important function of providing a guarantee for delivery by all parties to the contract. It serves as the counterparty in the exchange for both, that is, as the buyer for the sale and as the seller for the purchase.
16. M Hashim Kamali “Islamic Commercial Law: An Analysis of Futures”, The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences, vol.13, no.2, 1996.
Send Your Comments to: Dr Mohammed Obaidullah, Xavier Institute of Management, Bhubaneswar 751 013, India.
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بســـــــم الله الرحمن الرحيـــــــم.
Dalam Bukunya Prof Drs. Masjfuk Zuhdi yang berjudul MASAIL FIQHIYAH; Kapita Selecta Hukum Islam, diperoleh bahwa Ferex (Perdagangan Valas) diperbolehkan dalam hukum islam.
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HUKUM ISLAM dalam TRANSAKSI VALAS.
1. Ada Ijab-Qobul: & # 8212; & gt; Ada perjanjian untuk memberi dan menerima.
Penjual menyerahkan barang e pembeli membayar tunai. Ijab-Qobulnya dilakukan dengan lisan, tulisan dan utusan. Pembeli dan penjual mempunyai wewenang penuh melaksanakan dan melakukan tindakan-tindakan hukum (dewasa dan berpikiran sehat)
2. Memanuhi syarat menjadi objek transaksi jual-beli yaitu:
Clique aqui para ver a próxima página Dapat dimanfaatkan Dapat diserahterimakan Jelas barang harganya Dijual (dibeli) oleh pemiliknya sendiri atau kuasanya atas izin pemiliknya Barang sudah berada ditangannya jika barangnya diperoleh dengan imbalan.
Perlu ditambahkan pendapat Muhammad Isa, bahwa jual beli saham itu diperbolehkan dalam agama .
لاتشترواالسمك فیالماءفاءنه غرد.
& # 8220; Jangan kamu membeli ikan dalam ar, karena sesungguhnya jual beli yang demikian eua mengandung penipuan & # 8221 ;. (Hadis Ahmad bin Hambal e Al Baihaqi dari Ibnu Mas & # 8217; ud)
Jual beli barang yang tidak di tempat transaksi diperbolehkan dengan syarat harus diterangkan sifat-sifatnya atau ciri-cirinya. Kemudian jika barang sesuai dengan keterangan penjual, maka sahlah jual belinya. Tetapi jika tidak sesuai maka pembeli mempunyai hak khiyar , artinya boleh meneruskan atau membatalkan jual belinya. Você já está em Rio de Janeiro Nabi riwayat Al Daraquthni de Abu Hurairah:
منسترئ شيتالميرهفله الخيارإذاراه.
Barang siapa yang membeli sesuatu yang ia tidak melihatnya, maka ia berhak khiyar jika ia telah melihatnya & # 8221 ;.
Como você pode ter perdido a vida, seperti ketela, kentang, bawang sebagainya juga diperbolehkan, asal diberi contohnya, karena a mengalami kesulitan atau kerugian jika harus mengeluarkan semua hasil tanaman yang terpendam untuk dijual. Hal ini sesuai dengan kaidah hukum Islã:
المشقة تجلب التيسر.
Kesulitan itu menarik kemudahan.
Demita juga jual beli barang-barang yang telah terbungkus / tertutup, seperti makanan kalengan, GPL, dan sebagainya, asalkam diberi rótulo yang menerangkan isinya. Vide Sabiq, op. cit. hal. 135. Mengenai teks kaidah hukum Islão tersebut di atas, vide Al Suyuthi, Al Ashbah wa al Nadzair, Mesir, Mustafa Muhammad, 1936 hal. 55
JUAL BELI VALUTA ASING DAN SAHAM.
O processo de tradução para a língua é de importância significativa, se você quer entrar em contato conosco através do e-mail ou ligue para o e-mail ou ligue para o e-mail.
Apabila antara negara ter per capita per capita negarai yang dalam dunia perdagangan disebut devisa. Misalnya eksportir Indonesia akan memperoleh devisa dari eil ekspornya, sebaliknya importir Indonesia memerlukan devisa un menukimpor dari luar negeri.
Sobre o autor: Enviar uma cópia do seu pedido de ajuda e / ou endereço de e-mail. setiap negara berwenang penúmen menetapkan kurs uangnya masing-masing (kurs adalah perbandingan nilai uangnya terhadap mata uang asing) misalnya 1 dolar Amerika = Rp. 12.000. Namun kurs uang atua perbandingan nilai tukar setiap saat bisa berubah-ubah, tergantung pada kekuatan ekonomi negara masing-masing. Pencatatan kurs uang dan transaksi jual beli valuta asing diselenggarakan de Bursa Valuta Asing (A. W. J. Tupanno, et. Al. Ekonomi de Koperasi, Jakarta, Depdikbud 1982, hal 76-77)
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Forex impact accounting

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If you want to learn about Price Action Trading , then this forex price action trading course will really help you.
There’s a lot of practical trading tips and examples about how to trade with price action in this course and at the end of it, you will really have a solid understanding and hopefully become a better price action trader.
I must warn you though that this price action trading course is fairly long and you many need a cup of coffee…but its not boring.
That’s my guarantee! If you think its boring and let me know and I will hire a comedian to edit it :-).
To give you an idea of the topics that this price action trading course covers, just scroll on the table of contents shown above.
If you see any topic or chapter on this table of contents below that interests you, all you need to do is click that link and you will be taken to the chapter/topic immediately without having to scroll or read through everything in this course.
After going through the price action trading course, you will need this:
Índice.
Keep Your $500 For Your Missus To Spend ‘ Cuz’ This Price Action Trading Course is FREE!
Seriously ladies and gentlemen, my trader friends and faithful forextradingstrategies4u fans , there are forex websites selling price action trading courses and guess what?
You can be out of pocket by $100-$500 or more.
Just doing a quick Google Search for price action trading courses, here’s what you will see ( I just picked up the first 3 I saw):
#1: Nial Fuller’s Price Action Trading Course on learntotraderthemarket sells for $249 at the moment.
#2: Chris Capre’s Price Action Trading Course on 2ndskiesforex Sells for $315 as you can see below:
#3: And here’s Al Brooks price action trading course on brookstradingcourse selling for $249:
So you have two choices:
you can buy those forex price action trading courses (there’s nothing wrong with buying them, if that’s what you want, go ahead, they are a good trading resources for you to get if you have the money). Or if you are smart ( do I have to remind you of that? ) you can read this price action trading course I got in here for free and my only request as a means of appreciation is that you like, share, tweet and even mention this price action course if you have a chance to do so. That’s all I ask.
The question needs to be asked: does my price action trading course cover everything that you need to know about the price action trading?
In order for me to answer your question, I will have to ask you a question before I can answer your question …
Do you need to know everything about how a car operates from how the engine works, what makes the wheels turn, how it changes gear, how the brakes work etc. etc. etc. before driving it or do you just need to know how to put put your bum in the car seat and drive?
So this price action trading course is like that, it just tells you what you need to know and just have a look at the table of contents below to see the range of topics that this price action trading course covers.
As you can see it is a fairly comprehensive and detailed price action trading course that gives you everything you need to know about price action trading.
Now, let’s head to Chapter 1 of of the Price Action Trading Course…
Price Action Trading Course CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO PRICE ACTION.
To really understand price action means you need to study what happened in the past. Then observe what is happening in the present and then predict where the market will go next.
“Regardless of what you may think, all traders are forecasters, just like the weatherman.”
The weatherman knows where the wind is blowing from, sees the high and low pressure systems forming over the land, knows the temperature variation, cold front, hot front…you know what I’m talking about, right?
Then what does he do? He will say something like “tomorrow, the weather in Edinburg will be mostly cloudy, slight chance of shower and possibly sunny in the afternoon.”
How does he know that?
Well, from studying the past data and seeing what the current weather situation is at the moment (and these days, their prediction is more reliable due advanced computer models and weather satellites in space).
So traders are like that…
If we get the direction wrong, we lose money, we get it right, we make money. Simples assim. So everything you are going to read here is about trying to get that direction right before you place a trade.
Before you get started, these are some words that you may encounter:
Bullish=if the market is up, it is said to be bullish (uptrend).
Bearish=if the market is down, it’s said to be bearish.
Bearish Candlestick=a candlestick that has opened higher and closed lower is said to be bearish.
Bullish Candlestick=a candlestick that has opened lower and closed higher is said to be a bullish candlestick.
Risk : Reward Ratio=if you risk $50 in a trade to make $150 then your risk: reward is 1:3 which simply means you made 3 times more than your risked. This is an example of risk: reward ratio.
Now, the next chapter of the price action trading course, you are going to learn what price action is and lots more.
Price Action Trading Course CHAPTER 2: WHAT IS PRICE ACTION TRADING?
This is the basic definition of price action trading:
When traders make trading decisions based on repeated price patterns that once formed, they indicate to the trader what direction the market is most likely to move.
Price action trading uses tools like charts patterns, candlestick patterns, trendlines, price bands, market swing structure like upswings and downswings, support and resistance levels, consolidations, Fibonacci retracement levels, pivots etc.
Generally, price action traders tend to ignore the fundamental analysis-the underlying factor that moves the markets. Por quê? Because they believe everything is already discounted for in the market price.
But there’s one thing I believe you should not ignore: major economic news announcements like the Interest Rate decisions, Non-Farm Payroll, FOMC etc. (If you are interested in trading currency news, check out these news trading strategies: interest rates news forex trading strategy, Non Farm Payroll Forex Trading Strategy & the 1 minute forex news trading strategy)
From my own experience and from what I’ve seen, I say this “the release of economic news can be both a friend and an enemy for your trades.”
Here’s what I mean by that:
If you did take a trade in line with the result of economic news release you stand to make a lot more money very quickly in a very short time because the release of the news often tends to move price very quickly either up or down due to increased volatility. But if your trade was against the news, you can walk away with all your profits wiped out or a loss and the loss can be huge because markets can move so fast during that period that there’s also the chance that your stop loss cannot be triggered.
The chart below shows and example of what can happen when there is major forex fundamental news release:
This is one experience I will never forget. I traded a perfect price action setup, the trade went as I anticipated but a few minutes later, the market dropped down very quickly.
My stop loss was never triggered at the price level where I set initially .
I tried to close that trade as many times as I could but it was impossible to close because the price was way down below where my stop loss price was! Price jumped my stop loss.
I just stood there and watched helplessly. After what seemed like an eternity, the trade was closed by broker at the worst possible price way-way-way - down below!
That single trade nearly wiped out my trading account. Instead of losing 2% of my trading account, I lost almost half of it. I did not understand and did not know what happened that night to make the market move like that. I could not sleep that night.
Later I found out that it was a major economic news release that moved the market like that.
From that incident, I’ve learn’t my lesson, so before I place a trade, I head over to the forex factory calendar to check if there is any high impact news coming out before I place my trades.
If there’s a valid trade setup but If I see that the time is close to a major news to be announced, I will not enter. There are exceptions where I will take a trade if I see that I can place my stop loss behind a major support or resistance level.
The high impact news are colour coded in Red. That’s what you look for(see figure below):
Veja o que você pode fazer:
If a valid trade setup happening, check with forexfactory to make sure there are no major news announcements to be made soon that can impact your trade. If there’s news to be released you can do these 2 things: don’t trade until after the news release and wait until markets starts trading normally again, or if you decide to trade, trade small contracts because the market is very volatile when the news is released. This can works for you or against you. You need to know what you are doing during these times. If you already have a trade that has been running (prior to the news release time) for some time and in profit, think about moving stop loss tighter or taking some profits off that table in case the market goes against you once the news is released. In an ideal case, you would have taken this trade a while ago and that the current market price is far away from your trade entry price and you would have locked some profits already and if the market moves in the direction of your trade after the news release, you will make a lot of money.
3 Important Reasons Why You Should Be Trading Price Action.
Price action represents collective human behavior . Human behavior in the market creates some specific patterns on the charts. So price action trading is really about understanding the psychology of the market using those patterns. That’s why you see price hits support levels and bounces back up. That’s why you see price hits resistance levels and heads down. Por quê? Because of collective human reaction! Price action gives structure to the forex market . You can’t predict with 100% accuracy where the market will go next. However with price action, you can, to an extent predict where the market can potentially go. This is because price action brings structure. So if you know the structure , you can reduce the uncertainty to some extent and predict with some degree of certainty where the market will go next. Price Action helps reduce market “noise” and false signals . If you are trading with stochastic or CCI indicators etc, they tend to give too many false signals. This is also the case with many other indicators. Price action helps to reduce these kinds of false signals. Price action is not immune to false signals but it is a much better option than using other indicators…which are essentially derived from the raw price data anyway. Price action also helps to reduce “noise”. What is noise? Market noise is simply all the price data that distorts the picture of the underlying trend… this is mostly due to small price corrections as well as volatility.
One of the best ways to minimize market noise is to trade from larger timeframes instead of trading from smaller timeframes. See the 2 charts below to see what I mean:
And now, compare market noise in the 4hr chart (notice the white box on the chart? That equates to the area of the 5min chart above!):
Smaller timeframes tend to have too much noise and many traders get lost trading in smaller timeframes because they do not understand that the big trend in the larger timeframe is the one that actually drives what happens in the smaller timeframes.
But having said that, I do trade in smaller timeframes by using trading setups that happen in larger timeframes. I do this to get in at a better price point and keep my stop loss tight.
This is called multi-timeframe trading and I will also cover this on Chapter 16 to show you exactly how it’s done.
Is Price Action Applicable To Any Other Market?
A resposta é sim. All the price action trading stuff described here are applicable to all markets.
In here, I will be mostly be talking in terms of using price action in the currency market but as I’ve mentioned, the concepts are universal and can be applied to any financial market.
Price Action Trading Allows You To Trade With An Edge.
Price Action Trading is about trading with an edge. What is a trading edge?
Well, put simply it means you need to trade when the odds are in your favour . Coisas como:
Trading with the trend Trading With Price Action Using reliable chart patterns and candlestick patterns. Trading using Support and resistance levels. Making your winners larger than your losing trades Trading only in larger timeframes Waiting patiently for the right trade setups and not chasing trades.
All these kinds of things above helps you to trade with an edge. They may not be exiting and probably you’ve heard of these before but hey…this stuff is what separates winners from losers.
What Price Action Trading Is Not.
Price action trading will not make you rich …but price action trading with proper risk management can make you a profitable trader. Some of you will go through this guide and learn and make much money but some of you will fail. That’s just the way life is. Price action trading is not the holy grail but it sure does beat using other indicators (most of which often lag and a derived from price action anyway!). Price action trading will not make you an overnight success . You need to put in the hard yards, observe and see how price reacts and see those repetitive patterns and then have the confidence to trade them then you will be rewarded for that.
If you are one of those that are going to learn from this course and apply it to your forex trading, my hats off to you and I say “go and succeed.”
Chart Time-Why It Is Important.
You need chart time to understand Price Action. Para alguns de vocês, pode demorar um pouco para você entender, enquanto alguns de vocês podem aprender muito rapidamente.
Observe the price action of the market. Go back to the past and see how the market had behaved . What caused it to behave that way? You cannot be a confident price action trader until you do this.
If you could simply read the charts well enough to be able to enter at the exact times when the move would take off and not come back, then you would have a huge advantage.
Trend lines, specific candlestick patterns, specific chart patterns, Fibonacci retracement levels & support and resistance levels…these are the tools I use to trade.
If you put the time and effort into learning them, it won’t be long before you will begin to understand and see how all these things fit together.
Start learning to trade naked price action.
Price Action Trading Course CHAPTER 3: UNDERSTANDING MASS PSYCHOLOGY IN TRADING.
Here’s one thing about price action: it represents a collective human behavior or mass psychology.
All human beings have evolved to respond to certain situations in certain ways. And you can see this happen in the trading world as well:
The way multitude of traders think and react form patterns… repetitive price patterns that one can see and then predict with a certain degree of accuracy where the market will most likely go once that particular pattern is formed.
For example, if you see a major resistance level, price hits the level and forms a ‘shooting star’ a bearish reversal candlestick pattern. You can then say with a greater degree of confidence that Price is going to head down.
Because there are so many trader watching that resistance level and they all know that price has been rejected from this level on a previous one or two occasions and that tells them that it is a resistance level and that they can also see that bearish reversal candlestick formation … and guess what they will be waiting to do?
They will be waiting with their sell orders…not just one sell order but thousands of them, some small and some big orders. But on the other side of the coin is that trader that have bought at a low price and now that the price is heading up to the resistance level, that’s where most of their take profit levels are . So once they take their profits around resistance levels, that means there are now less buyers now and more sellers. The balance tips in the direction of the sellers and that’s how the price is pushed back down from a resistance level.
Because price action is a representation of mass psychology…the markets are moved by the activities of traders.
So price action trading is about understanding the psychology of the market using those patterns and making a profit as a result.
There are 2 types of price action trading, the 100% Pure price action trading and the not - so-pure price Action trading . Deixe-me explicar…
Pure Price Action Trading.
Pure price action trading simply means 100% price action trading . No indicators except price action alone.
Not-So-Pure Price Action Trading.
This is when price action trading is used with other indicators and these other indicators form part of the price action trading system. These indicators can be trend indicators like moving averages or oscillators like stochastic indicator and CCI. (Please don’t go googling CCI and stochastic indicators!)
Origin of Price Action Trading.
Charles Dow is the guy credited to be the father of technical analysis. He came up with the DOW Theory.
The theory tries to explain market behavior and focuses on market trends. One part of the theory is that the market price discounts everything. Therefore, technical analysts use price charts and chart patterns to study market and don’t really care about the fundamental aspects of what move the markets.
I will cover this a little bit later when I talk about what are trends, how trends begin (or end) in Chapter 5 of this price action trading course.
CHAPTER 4: PRICE AND CHARTS.
Now, let’s study price in a little bit more detail… this stuff is for the newbies …please skip this section if you think you know!
What is price?
Price is value given to a particular instrument usually in monetary terms and its value is dependent on supply and demand.
If the demand is more, price increases as more traders start buying and driving prices up. Demand zones on your price charts are around support levels , that’s where buyers come and start buying and driving prices up ! If there is an oversupply, price falls as there are more seller and less buyers. Supply zones on your charts are on and around resistance levels where sellers come in and drive the prices down due the fact that there are very few buyers.
Every time you open up your charts, all you are seeing are the forces of supply and demand at work!
If the market is going up, what does that tell you about the demand and supply then? It means there’s a lot of demand for that instrument.
Or what if the marketing is going down then what does that tell you about the demand and supply then? There’s a less demand and lots of supply.
But there’s something else about price…it has a time component.
So the price of something today will not be the same tomorrow or in a month or in a year . Supply and demand over time drives up and down the price .
But how do you represent the value of price over time which in turn tells you of the supply and demand forces?
Answer: You need price charts: price bars, candlestick and line charts . These are graphical and visual representation of price over time , thus telling you a story about supply and demand forces over a certain time period which can be 1 minute up to one month or year.
3 Main Types Of Price Charts.
Price over a period of time is graphically represented in 3 main ways:
Now, I will go through each on of these 3 main charts…
What Is A Bar Chart?
The chart you see below is a bar chart.
Those green and red thingies are called bars. The green bars are bullish bars which simply means that the closing price is higher then the opening price withing a certain time period.
Those red bars are bearish bars and that means that the closing price is lower than the opening price for that period of time.
The bar char chart is simply looks like a “stick” or bar with 2 short knobs on both sides. The knob on the left is the opening price and the knob on the right is the closing price.
Then there’s the wick on the upper end and the lower end. The highest point or level of the wick on the upper end is the highest price that was reached during a certain timeframe or period and the lowest point of the lower wick is the lowest price that was reached also during the same time frame or period.
What Is A Candlestick Chart?
The chart below is an example of a candlestick chart. The candlestick chart conveys the same information as in the bar chart above, the only difference is that a candlestick chart has a body and a bar chart has not body.
A candlestick chart…to put it in another way is like putting a body over a skeleton of the bar chart!
Here’s a comparison of the Bar chart vs the candlestick chart and note how they convey the same information:
That’s the only difference between the bar chart and the candlestick chart…is that the candlestick chart has a body and the bar chart does not.
The red colour is most often used to indicate a bearish candlestick which means the price opened up high and closed lower. A green candlestick represents a bullish candlestick and is the exact opposite.
What Is A Line Chart?
This line chart below is based on the same price information as the bar and candlestick chart shown above.
As you can see, even though, it conveys the same price information over time but does not reveal everything.
The line chart is one of the least favorite of charts for trading. A line chart is simply drawn by connecting either the closing, high or low price and that’s how you get the line on a chart. Line charts can be useful for looking at the “bigger picture” and finding long term trends but they simply cannot offer up the kind of information contained in a candlesticks chart.
Out of these 3, the candlestick chart is the most popular followed by the bar chart. So from here on, I will be only focused on candlestick chart only but I may end up using the word bar to refer to candlestick pattern as well so just be aware of that .
I will talk more about the candlestick (and candlestick charts) as this is the bread and butter for price action traders.
The candlestick.
The candlestick chart had its origins in Japan and can also be referred to as the Japanese candlestick chart. The colour of the candlestick chart tells you if price was up or down in a particular timeframe which means that candlesticks are either bullish or bearish.
Now most traders prefer to set green candlesticks as bullish and red candlesticks as bearish . And I like it to be that way for me personally.
Some broker’s trading platforms have options where you can change the colours of the candlesticks to any colour you want. If you are a woman, you may change a bullish candlestick to pink! And bearish candlestick to Purple! (I have never seen a pink and purple candlestick yet).
This candlestick shown below is an example of bullish candlestick.
A Bullish candlestick simply means the price opened lower and closed up higher after a certain time period, which can be 1minute, 5minute, 1hr or 1 day etc. The candle body represents the distance price has moved from the opening price to the closing price. The longer the body, means price has moved a great deal upward after opening. The shorter the candle body means the exact opposite. The high is the highest price that was reached during that time period. The low is the lowest price that was reached during that time period.
All these candlesticks shown below are bullish candlesticks which mean that their opening prices was lower than the closing prices and therefore reflect and overall uptrend in the timeframe each candlestick was formed:
Now, the candlestick shown below is an example of a bearish candlestick.
A bearish candlestick simply means that the candlestick opened up at a high price and closed lower after a certain time period:
All these candlesticks shown below are bearish candlesticks meaning that the opening price was higher than the closing price, therefore reflecting a downtrend:
Understanding Buying and Selling Pressure on Candlesticks.
Did you know that there are bullish candlesticks that are considered bearish and bearish candlesticks that are considered bullish? To really understand this concept, you need to understand buying and selling pressure .
You see, every candlestick that is formed tells you a story about the battle between the bulls and the bears-who dominated the battle, who won at the end, who is weakening etc. All that is reflected in any candlestick you see. The length of the body of the candlestick as well as the shadow (or wick) tells you a story about the buying and selling pressure.
For example, look at the two charts below:
Look at the first green candlestick on the left chart, it’s a bullish candlestick right? Sim. But you can see that it has a very short body and very long wick (tail).
It tells you the sellers (bears) were dominant. If this candlestick was to form after hitting a resistance level, it will be considered a bearish signal even though it’s a bullish candlestick.
Now, you can apply the same sort of logic to all the other candlesticks above and read the story each one is telling you.
If the upper wick is very long, it simple tells you that there’s a lot of selling pressure. It means price opened and got pushed higher by the buyers but then at the highest price, sellers got in and drove it back down. If the lower wick is long, it tells you that there’s a lot of buying pressure. Sellers drove the price down but buyers got in and drove the price back up. If the lower wick is short, it tells your there’s very minimal buying pressure. If the upper wick is short, it tells you that there’s very minimal selling pressure.
What about the length of the body of candlesticks?
The longer the body of the candle indicates very strong buying or selling pressure. A short body of a candlestick indicates little price movement and therefore less buying or selling pressure.
Sometimes the candles will have no upper or lower shadows but with very long bodies . These are interpreted the same way as standard candlesticks but are an even stronger indication of bullish or negative market sentiment . In the case of bullish candle, prices never decline below the open. In the case of bearish candle, price never trade above the open. Ver abaixo:
Now, so far we have looked at individual candlesticks…what if you combine more than one candlesticks? What does it show you?
Well, one important thing that group of candlestick can show you is how strong or weak a bullish or bearish move is. They can also tell you if the bullish or bearish move is weakening . The word used to describe such a situation is momentum.
The chart below shows 3 bearish candlesticks in a downtrend, each with decreasing length and body lengths.
In a downtrend situation, when you see such happening, it is one signal the that downward trend is weakening.
And if this happens around support levels, you should sit up and take notice and also watch for bullish reversal candlesticks which will give you the confidence to buy!
The following chart below shows you an example of decreasing downward momentum as price nears a support levels.
What you will see is that the prior candlesticks will tend to be longer and as price nears the support level, the candlesticks starts to get shorter:
This next chart below shows 3 bullish candles in an uptrend each with decreasing lengths. In an uptrend, when you see such happening around resistance levels, you should take notice. Also watch for bearish reversal candlestick patterns to form. This will give you the confidence to sell:
Here is an example of a bullish momentum decreasing in an uptrend and then price tumbles right after that :
Notice (on the chart above) how the bullish candlesticks had increasing lengths and then gradually decreased as the price went up then followed by a big downward fall/move?
That’s price momentum. Every time you look at your charts, you need to be aware of such. Muito importante!
Candlestick Wicks-Why They Are Important.
The wicks of candlesticks along with the body tell a story. A wick which can be called a shadow or tail of a candlestick is a line situated above and below the body of the candlestick.
How are candle wicks (tails/shadows) formed and what do they mean?
Well, they are formed because of a change in market sentiment. For an upper wick, price is moving up and then market perception is changed by traders and then price is pushed down towards the open by sellers. That’s how the upper shadow is formed. For the lower shadow, price is moving down but the market sentiment changes and price is pushed up towards the close buy the bulls. That’s how a lower wick or shadow is formed.
Longer wicks indicate increase change in market sentiment:
What is the Significance of Candlestick Wicks?
Candlestick wicks with long upper shadows commonly occur when an uptrend is losing strength. Long lower shadows occur when the downtrend is losing steam.
Ok, that’t the end of chapter 4 of the price action trading course….now lets head to chapter 5 where you will learn about trends.
Price Action Trading Course CHAPTER 5: TRENDS.
When you have price moving across time due to supply and demand, then this creates trends . This section is a discussion about trends, how they form and how many types of trends and what kind of structure trends have.
It is important for you to understand the structure of trends so you will not depend on any indicator to tell you if the trend is up or down because understanding what a trend is, the structure of a trend, what signals to look to tell you that a new trend may be starting and previous one ending is one key knowledge you require as a price action trader.
And you only need to use price action to tell you if a trend is up, down or sideways.
As I’ve mentioned above, there are 3 types of trends . In simple terms, a trend is when price is either moving up, down or sideways.
So when price is moving up, it’s called an uptrend. When price is moving down, it’s called downtrend. When price is moving sideways, it’s called and sideways.
Now each of these 3 trend types have certain price structure about them that tells you whether the market is in an uptrend, downtrend or sideways trend.
These structures are derived from the Dow Theory. But I will explain it in here briefly.
The Dow Theory Of Trends Summarized.
The theory in simple terms says that:
when price is in an uptrend, prices will be making increasing higher highs and higher lows until a higher low gets intercepted, then that signals the end of the uptrend and the beginning of a downtrend. For downtrend, prices will be making increasing lower highs and lower lows until a lower low is intercepted and that signals an end of the downtrend and a beginning of an uptrend.
Structure of An Uptrend (Bull) Market.
With an uptrend market, prices will be making higher highs (HH) and Higher Lows (HL), see chart below for clarity:
Structure of A Downtrend (Bear) Market.
Prices will be making Lower Highs (LH) and Lower Lows (LL). The chart shown below is a really ideal case, see chart below for clarity:
But you know that in reality, the market is not like that, it’s more like this chart shown below:
The chart above shows an initial downtrend and along the way there is a false uptrend which does not last and price moves down and then eventually another uptrend moves is happening because another lower high has been intersected(which signals end of downtrend).
This is how you use price action to identify trends. You should know this stuff.
Because the market is not perfect when these trends are happening, you should develop the skill to judge when a trend is still intact or when a trend is potentially reversing. And it’s pretty much price intersecting highs or lows.
Structure Of A Sideways/Ranging Market.
For a ranging market, in an ideal scenario, you will see price moving in a range between a support and resistance level like shown below:
But what you see in the real world is not ideal as above, it’s more like this as shown below:
CHAPTER 6: REVERSALS & CONTINUATION.
A reversal is a term used to describe when a trend reverses direction. For example, the market has been in an uptrend and when price hits a major resistance level, it reversed and formed a downtrend. That’s what reversal means.
Now where can reversals happen? The following are the major areas where price reversals do happen:
Here’s an example of price reversing form a support level and went up and then later broke it and went down. Now that broken support level acts as resistance level when price came for a re-test of the level and sent the price tumbling down:
Now, what about continuation then?
Well, in simple terms, continuation means that there is a main trend, for example an uptrend, that is happening… and you will notice that price slows down and maybe consolidates for a little while and may fall back down a little…it is like a minor downtrend in a major uptrend move called a downswing in an a major uptrend.
So when that ends and price resumes in the original uptrend direction then that is called a continuation. The chart below makes this concept a bit more clearer:
So the big question is: how to spot trend continuity and execute trades at the right time?
The secret is in identification of specific chart patterns as well as very specific candlesticks patterns and you will discover more on the Chart Patterns and Candlestick Patterns section of this course.
Top 3 reasons why it is so important for you knowing reversal points/levels as well as understanding trend continuity patterns and signals:
You don’t want to be buying near or at a resistance level (which is a reversal point). You don’t want to be selling at near or at a support level (which is a reversal point). You don’t want be buying when the trend is down and you don’t want to be selling when the trend is up that’s why you need to know about continuation charts and candlestick patterns which will allow you to trade with the trend. (There are exceptions though when you can trade against the main trend like that like in trading channels…see Chapter 9 of this price action trading course where it talks about: How To Trade Channels)
CHAPTER 7: UNDERSTANDING MARKET SWINGS.
Market Price moves in swings . A price swing is when markets moves like what a wave does.
So in an uptrend, price will be making higher highs and higher lows like the figure shown below:
So in an uptrend, price moves in swings like this chart shown below:
And in a downtrend, price will be making lower highs and lower lows:
So in a downtrend, price moves in swings like the chart shown below:
3 Reasons Why It’s So Important For You To Understand Market Price Swings.
If you want to be really good price action trader, you have to understand this concept of how price moves in swings. This is especially true if your style of trading is trend trading or swing trading.
Because if you don’t understand how price moves in swings, this is what you are going to end up doing:
You will execute trades at the very wrong spot! For example, in a downtrend, you will sell when the market is just doing an upswing! Não é bom! Which means, you will get stopped out or you need to put in a large stop loss. Large stop loss does not necessarily mean large risk if you do position sizing based on the stop loss distance. But if you don’t then that’s a large risk you are taking. If you have a large stop loss, then you’ve got to wait a while before the market makes downswing before you to start seeing profits on your trade.
Here’s an example of what I’m talking about:
It’s really not a good situation to be in. Every traders wish is that “the moment a trade is placed, it goes to profit immediately.” But we know the market is not like that, sometimes that happens, and sometimes it doesn’t.
That’s the nature of the market.
So in an uptrend, you should be looking to buy on the downswing. In a downtrend, you should be looking to sell on an upswing.
And the best way for doing that is by using Price Action (reversal candlesticks) as shown below:
Now, these chart below is what actually happens in real life trading environment:
CHAPTER 8: HOW TO TRADE SUPPORT AND RESISTANCE LEVELS.
Nothing is more noticeable on any chart than support and resistance levels. These levels stand out and are so easy for everyone to see! Por quê? Because they are so obvious.
As a matter of fact, support and resistance trading is the core of price action trading.
The key to successful price action trading lies in finding effective support and resistance levels on your charts.
Now, in here, I talk about 3 types of support and resistance levels and they are:
The normal horizontal support and resistance levels that you are probably most familiar about. Broken support levels become resistance levels and broken resistance levels become support levels. Dynamic Support and Resistance Levels.
Now, let’s look at each in much more detail.
Horizontal Support and Resistance Levels.
These are fairly easy to spot on your charts. They look like peaks and troughs.
The chart below is an example and shows you to trade them:
How To Find Horizontal Support And Resistance Levels On Your Chart.
If price has been going down for some time and hits a price level and bounces up from there, that’s called a support level. Price goes up, hits a price level or zone where it cannot continue upward any further and then reverses, that’s a resistance level.
So when price heads back to that support or resistance level, you should expect that it will get rejected from that level again. The use of reversal candlestick trading on support and resistance levels becomes very handy in these cases.
Significant Support & Níveis de Resistência
Not all support and resistance levels are created equal. If you really want to take trades that have high potential for success, you should focus on identifying significant support and resistance levels on your charts.
Significant support and resistance levels are those levels that are formed in the large timeframes like the monthly, weekly and daily charts.
And when price reacts to these levels, they usually tend to move for a very long time.
Here’s an example of NZDUSD that hit a resistance level on the monthly timeframe and made a 1,100 pips move down to the next significant support level and price can now be seen bouncing up from that support level:
Now, here’s the technique I use to trade setups that happen in larger timeframes:
I switch to smaller timeframes like the 4hr & the 1hr, 30min, 15min and even the 5min and wait for a reversal candlestick signal for my trade entries. This is so that I can get in at a much better price level as well as reducing my stop loss distance.
That’s what’s multi-timeframe trading is all about.
Support turned Resistance Level And Resistance Turned Support Level.
Now, the next on is this thing called Support turned Resistance Level And Resistance Turned Support Level.
There are many traders that don’t realize that usually, in a downtrend, when a support level has been broken to the downside, it often tends to act as a resistance level. Here is an example shown on the chart below:
So when you see such happening, you should be looking for bearish reversal candlestick to go short. As a matter of fact these “R’s” are the upswings in a downtrend.
Similarly, in an uptrend you will also see such happening where Resistance levels get broken and when price heads back down to these, they now will act as support levels…Here’s an example:
Look for bullish reversal candlestick around these type of resistance turned support levels as your signal to buy.
Can you see how the need for using other indicators is diminished once you understand how easy is to spot such trading setups like these?
CHAPTER 9: HOW TO TRADE PRICE CHANNELS.
What is a channel? And How Do You Trade A Channel? This section is about that.
The path price follows and the area enclosed within it is called the price channel.
The fundamental principle of how a channel form is based on support and resistance. Why price does that, I don’t know… but consider it as supply and demand at work.
There are 3 major types of channels:
This is what a downtrend channel looks like and how to trade it:
This is what an uptrend channel looks like and shows how you can trade it:
This is what a sideways channel looks like and how you can trade it:
Sideways channels (or horizontal channels) are little bit different from uptrend and downtrend channels because with uptrend and downtrend channels, you would require 2 points to draw trendlines and wait for price to touch them later on before you take a trade because the trend lines are at an angle.
But with sideways/horizontal channels, you can actually start trading the setup at point #2 which can be both a resistance or support level based on the fact that a prior resistance or support level is already visible and you should expect price to bounce from those levels. Look for reversal candlesticks to buy or sell when you see such setups happening.
General Rules For Trading Channels.
If you buy or sell on the other side of the channel, you wait for price to reach the other end of the channel to take profit or exit the trade. Place your stop loss on just outside the channel or just above the high of the candlestick (for a sell order) or just below the low of the candlestick (for a buy order) that touched the channel and shows signs of rejection. This candlestick can also be a reversal candlestick. You may also decide to take half the profits off as price is in the middle of the channel for a profitable trade.
CHAPTER 10: NINE (9) PROFITABLE CHART PATTERNS EVERY TRADER NEEDS TO KNOW.
There’s a difference between chart patterns and candlestick patterns . Chart patterns are not candlestick patterns and candlestick patterns are not chart patterns:
Padrões gráficos são formas geométricas encontradas nos dados de preços que podem ajudar um trader a entender a ação do preço, bem como fazer previsões sobre onde o preço provavelmente irá. Candlestick patterns on the other hand can involve only one single candlestick or a group of candlestick which have formed one-after-the other in regard to how they form in relation to one another in terms of their body length, opening and closing prices, wicks(or shadows) etc.
Not knowing what chart patterns are forming can be a costly mistake . If you are like that, this is your opportunity to get back on track.
Why costly mistake? Because you are completely unaware of what is forming on the charts and you end up taking a trade that is not in line with what the chart pattern is signalling or telling you!
These are the 9 chart patterns you will learn about today:
Triangle chart patterns-symmetrical, ascending and descending (3 patterns) Head and shoulders and Inverse Head and Shoulders (2 patterns) Double Bottom and Double Top (2 patterns) Tripple Bottom and Tripple Top (2 patterns)
But first up, I am going to talk about triangle chart patterns.
Triângulo Simétrico.
There are 3 types of triangle chart patterns and the chart below shows the differences between each very clearly:
Now, lets starts with the symmetrical triangle pattern first.
Is A Symmetrical Triangle Bullish Or Bearish Chart Pattern?
The Symmetrical triangle chart pattern is a continuation pattern therefore it can be both a bullish or bearish pattern:
What does this mean then? Well, if you see this pattern in an uptrend, expect a breakout to the upside. Veja um exemplo abaixo:
If you see a symmetrical triangle pattern form in a downtrend, then expect a breakout of this pattern to the downside like this one shown below:
How To Draw A Symmetrical Triangle.
You will see price moving up and down but this up and down movement is converging to a single point . You need a minimum of 2 peaks and 2 troughs to draw the two trendlines on both sides. It will be only a matter of time before price breaks out of the pattern and either moves up or down.
Two Simple Ways To Trade The Symmetrical Triangle.
#1: Trade the Initial Breakout.
The best way is to confirm that the breakout actually happens with a candlestick before placing your order. What I do I is for example, say I’m watching a symmetrical triangle form in the 4hr charts and I know that soon a breakout will happen. I then switch to the 1hr chart to wait for the breakout to happen. If a 1hr candlestick has broken the triangle and closed below/above it, that’s my trade entry signal. So I will place a pending buy stop/sell stop order to catch the breakout from there.
Often I want to make sure that the 1hr candlestick closes outside of the triangle before I enter a pending buy stop or sell stop order to capture the move that happens to avoid false breakouts while the candlestick has not closed yet.
But here’s the problem with trading triangle breakouts, see chart below:
I don’t like trading breakouts like the one shown above and here’s why:
The stop loss distance is too large. I’d prefer to enter trades with breakout candlesticks that are close to the trend lines that have been broken. I often see that such breakout of extremely long candlesticks are not sustainable and price will often tend to reverse after such candlesticks as can be seen by the chart above …notice that after the breakout candlestick, there was one bearish green pin bar and then for the next 4 candlesticks afterward, the price went down . This is what tends to happened with such long breakout candlesticks. So if you entered a buy order using that long breakout candlestick above, you would have to wait a while for your trade to turn profitable.
#2: Trade the retest of the trendline that is broken.
The second way to enter is to wait for a retest of the broken trendline in the triangle pattern then either buy or sell. This may also be handy if you had an extremely long breakout candlestick on the initial breakout, you best option is to wait for a retest of the breakout trendline then if that happens you enter.
Stop loss Placement Options On Symmetrical Triangle Pattern.
Here are 3 ways on how to place stop loss on triangle patterns, which include symmetrical, ascending and descending triangle patterns which you will learn next. The stop loss placement techniques here are applicable to all triangle patterns so take note of that:
Ascending Triangle Chart Pattern.
And ascending triangle pattern looks like this chart shown below:
And this is how a real chart looks like:
Is Ascending Triangle Pattern Bullish Or Bearish?
It is considered a bullish continuation pattern in an existing uptrend. So when you see this forming in an uptrend, expect a breakout to the upside.
However, it can also be a strong reversal signal (bullish) when you see it form in a downtrend.
Stop Loss Placement Options.
You can use the strategies given in symmetrical triangle.
Take Profit Options.
I prefer to target previous resistance levels as my take profit target.
Or as shown on the chart below, you can use the “x” pips distance as your take profit target. Another way to do it would be say 3 times the “x” pips or 2 times the “x pips” distance. That should give you your profit target level(s).
Descending Triangle Chart Pattern.
Important things to note about the descending triangle chart pattern: The descending triangle chart pattern is characterized by a descending resistance levels and a fairly horizontal support levels converging to a point until a breakout happens to the downside as shown below:
And this is how a descending triangle looks like on a chart shown below:
Is Descending Triangle Pattern Bullish Or Bearish?
It is a bearish chart pattern that forms in a downtrend as a continuation pattern.
However, this pattern can also form as a bearish reversal pattern at the end of an uptrend.
Therefore regardless of where it forms, it’s a bearish chart pattern.
How to Trade The Descending Triangle Formation.
Similar to the other 2 triangle patterns, you can either trade the initial breakout or wait to see if price reverses back to test the broken support level and then sell.
Note: with a triangular pattern, I often prefer to wait for a candlestick to breakout and close outside of the pattern before I enter a trade. This helps to reduce false breakout signals.
But there will be times when I will just trade the breakout with a pending sell stop order just a few pips under the support level to catch the breakout when it happens but when I do that, I sit and watch the close of the 1hr candlestick to make sure that it does not close above the support line (if that happens, it may mean a false breakout).
And then there’s the issues of extremely long breakout candlesticks again like this:
As mentioned previously:
when you have such extremely long breakout candlesticks like that, better to sit and wait to see if price will reverse and get back up to the support level that was broken ( a retest) which will now be acting as a resistance level and then sell when that level is touched.
How To Take Profit.
I prefer to use previous support levels, lows or troughs and use those as my take profit target level.
Another method of take profit that is commonly used is to measure the height of the triangle and if the height is say 100 pips then that is your take profit target. The chart below should give you a clear idea of how it’s done:
Note that on the chart, the descending triangle formed the end of an uptrend.
Head & amp; Shoulders Chart Pattern.
The head and shoulder chart pattern is a bearish chart pattern. This is what a head and shoulder reversal pattern looks like:
Important things to note about the head and shoulder pattern:
The head and shoulders pattern is a bearish reversal pattern and when found in an uptrend, it signals the end of the uptrend.
Here’s how this pattern forms:
Eventually, the market begins to slow down after going up for some time and the forces of supply and demand are generally considered in balance. Sellers come in at the highs (left shoulder) and the downside is probed (beginning neckline.) Buyers soon return to the market and ultimately push through to new highs (head.) However, the new highs are quickly turned back and the downside is tested again (continuing neckline.) Tentative buying re-emerges and the market rallies once more, but fails to take out the previous high. (This last top is considered the right shoulder.) Buying dries up and the market tests the downside yet again. Your trendline for this pattern should be drawn from the beginning neckline to the continuing neckline.
Aqui está outro exemplo:
Here’s another one:
How To Trade The Head & Shoulder Chart Pattern.
The following chart below makes it much clearer.
How To Calculate Profit Targets.
I use previous lows or troughs to set my take profit target. However, you can also use the distance in pips between the neckline and the head as your take profit target level. So if the distance is 100 pips, then if you trade the initial breakout, you set it at 100pips take profit target level like the chart shown below with the two blue lines:
Inverse Head and Shoulder Pattern.
You will also see this pattern, though not as popular, it’s good to keep an eye out for it. The inverse head and shoulder pattern is bullish reversal candlestick pattern and just the opposite of head and shoulders pattern.
Here’s what it look like on the chart shown below:
And this is what it looks like on a real chart:
How to Trade the Inverse Head and Shoulder Pattern.
You can buy the initial breakout of the neckline or wait for the re-test, that is wait for price to breakout and then come back down to test the broken neckline and then buy. Use bullish reversal candlesticks for trade entry confirmation if you are waiting to buy on re-test.
I often tend to place my profit target on previous highs. One method of calculating profit target is to measure from the head up to the trendline and what the distance in pips is your profit target. See the two blue vertical lines in the chart above.
Padrão Duplo Gráfico Inferior.
A double bottom chart pattern is bullish reversal chart pattern and when it forms in an existing downtrend, it signals a possible upward trend.
Here’s what It look like:
This is what a double bottom pattern looks like on a real forex chart:
3 Ways on How To Trade Double Bottoms.
#1: Trade the breakout of the neckline:
Many traders once they see that the double pattern has formed and the neckline is being tested, that’s when they get in as soon as a breakout happens.
#2: Wait to enter on retest of Broken Neckline.
Then there are other groups of traders that like to enter when price reverses back down to touch the neckline, which now would act as a support level. Once it hits that neckline level they buy.
#3: Buy on bottom 2. In this way, you have the potential to ride the trade all the way up if the neckline is intercepted. You should consider buying on bottom 2 as buying on a support level…as a matter of fact, that it what is is! Look for bullish reversal candlestick patterns for trade entry signals.
Take Profit Target levels.
If you buy on bottom 2, you can use the neckline as your take profit level, or any previous highs above that as well. If you buy the breakout of the neckline, use the distance between the bottom and the neckline in pips to calculate your profit target. Veja o gráfico abaixo por exemplo:
Double Top Chart Pattern.
A double top chart pattern is a bearish reversal chart pattern and when found in an uptrend and once the neckline is broken, that confirms a downtrend. The double tops are very powerful patterns and if you get into a trade at the right time, you stand to make a lot of profits when the breakout happens to the downside .
Here’s an example of a double top Chart Pattern shown below:
How to Trade the Double Top Chart Pattern.
There’s 3 ways to trade the double top chart pattern:
#1: Trade the initial breakout of the neckline.
#2: The technique I like most to take a sell trade on Peak 2 when I see a bearish reversal candlestick. And if price moves down and intersects the neckline and continues to do down further, your profits are dramatically increased.
#3: You can wait for price to go back up to test the broken neckline (which would now act as resistance level) and when you see a bearish reversal candlestick pattern, go short (sell) as this example below shows:
This is how it would look like in a real forex chart:
How to Take Profit On The Double Top Chart Pattern.
Use previous low (support levels) to set take profit targets. Or another option would be to measure the distance between the neckline and the highest peak (the range) and use that difference in pips as take profit target if you are trading the breakout from the neckline.
Fundo Triplo.
I do not see triple bottoms forming quite as often…Regardless of that, you should have an idea of what it looks like:
Triple bottoms are bullish reversal chart patterns, which means if found in a downtrend and this pattern starts to form and once the neckline is broken and price head up, this confirms that the trend is up.
Here’s another example of a triple bottom shown below:
How to Trade The Triple Bottoms.
Many traders wait until the neckline is broken and trade the initial breakout. Others will wait for a retest of the broken neckline to enter a buy order once they see a bullish reversal candlestick… I prefer to take trades on the 3rd bottom by watching the price action. If I see a bullish reversal candlestick pattern, I buy. Why do I do that? Well, if price goes up and breaks the neckline and goes upward, I would be in a lot more profit than if I bought the breakout of the neckline.
Profit taking methods would be similar to double bottom chart pattern mentioned previously…
The Triple Top Chart Pattern.
Triple tops are the opposite of triple bottoms and they are bearish chart patterns. They rarely occur but its good to know what they look like.
Triple tops when found in an uptrend, it signals the end of the uptrend when the neckline is broken and price heads down.
How To Trade The Triple Top Chart Pattern.
Some conservative traders wait for the neckline to be broken to trade that breakout. Some will most likely wait for retest of neckline and then sell. I prefer to take trades on Peak 3 and if the trade breaks the neckline and goes all the way down, I have a lot more profit to make. The key to taking a good trade on peak 3 is by looking for bearish reversal candlesticks. These are your signals to go short. If you take a trade at peak 3, you profit target can be the neckline. Or if you take a trade on the breakout of the neckline, measure the distance in pips between the neckline and the highest of the 3 peaks and use that distance to calculate your profit target. Or you can use a previous low and use that as your take profit target level as well.
CHAPTER 11: TEN (10) PROFITABLE CANDLESTICK PATTERNS EVERY TRADER NEEDS TO KNOW.
There are lots of candlesticks, but out of all of them only 9 that you really need to know. Por quê? Because there are very popular are really powerful so why waste time with the rest?
When these candlesticks form at support and resistance levels or Fibonacci levels they are great trade entry signals.
#1: The Doji Candlestick Patterns.
The doji candlesticks are single (individual) candlestick patterns. There are 4 types of doji candlesticks as shown below:
The doji cross can be both considered a bullish or bearish signal depending on where it forms. The gravestone doji is considered a bearish reversal candlestick when formed in an uptrend or in a resistance level. The dragonfly doji is considered a bullish candlestick pattern when formed in a downtrend or in a support level. The long-legged doji shows a period of indecision by bulls and bears and depending on where it forms (uptrend/resistance level=bearish signal, downtrend/support level=bullish signal) it can be considered a bearish or bullish signal.
#2: The Engulfing Candlestick Patterns.
The engulfing patterns are 2 candlestick patterns. For a bullish engulfing pattern, you will see that the first candle is bearish followed by the second candle which is very bullish and this 2 nd candle completely engulfs.
Bullish Engulfing-when formed in a support level or in a downtrend, this can signal that the downtrend is potentially ending. Bearish Engulfing-when formed in an uptrend or or in a resistance level, this is a signal that the uptrend may be ending.
#3: Harami Candlestick Patterns.
The harami is a 2 candlestick pattern and can be bullish or bearish.
Bullish Harami - this is a 2 candlestick pattern. The first candlestick is a very bearish candlestick followed by a bullish candle, which is quite short and is completely covered by the shadow of first candle. When you see this in a downtrend or in an area of support, this will be your bullish(buy) signal. Bearish Harami is the exact opposite of bullish harami. When you see this pattern form in a resistance level or in an uptrend, this is a bearish reversal signal and may indicate that the uptrend is ending and you should go short (sell).
The easiest way to remember the harami patterns is to think about a pregnant woman and a baby inside her tummy:
#4: Dark Cloud Cover Candlestick Pattern.
The dark cloud is another bearish reversal candlestick pattern formation consisting of 2 candlesticks. The first one is a bullish candlestick showing a strong upward momentum but when the second candle forms, it shows a completely different story…its bearish and it closes at about the middway point of the first candlestick.
When you see the dark cloud cover candlestick pattern in an uptrend or in level of resistance, it’s a bearish reversal signal and you should be thinking to go short (sell).
#5: Piercing Line Candlestick Pattern.
The piercing line is the opposite of dark cloud cover. You may see this in a downtrend or forming at a support level. The first candlestick is very bearish and when the 2 nd candle forms, it tells a completely different story, it’s bullish. This tells you that the bears are losing steam and that the bulls are gaining strength to potentially move the market price up.
The second bullish candlestick should close somewhere up the mind-point of the first candlestick.
So when you see the piercing line pattern forming at support levels or in a downtrend market, take note as this is a potential bullish reversal signal so you should be thinking of going long (buying).
#6: Shooting Star Candlestick Pattern.
This is one of the most reliable candlesticks and obviously one of the most popular due to the fact that they are so easy to spot on any chart.
The shooting star is single candlestick pattern and when it forms in an uptrend or in a resistance level, then it is considered as a bearish reversal pattern and so you should be looking to sell.
Note: the shooting star is sometimes called the bearish hammer, inverse hammer, inverted hammer or bearish pin bar. They all mean the same and refer to the shooting star candlestick pattern.
#7: Hammer Candlestick Pattern.
The hammer candlestick is a single candlestick pattern pattern and its is considered a bullish reversal candlestick pattern and it’s the opposite of the shooting star candlestick pattern.
It has a very long tail and a short upper wick or none at all.
When it forms in a downtrend or at support levels, you should take note…this is a very high probability bullish reversal candlestick pattern and you should be looking to go long (buy).
#8: Hanging Man Candlestick Pattern.
Now, what happens if you see in an uptrend a candlestick that looks like a hammer? Is it still a bullish signal? Well, in that case , this candlestick is a hanging man and its not a bullish signal. Here’s how it looks:
Now, the hanging man, is exactly like hammer but the only difference is that it must form in an uptrend.
When it forms in an uptrend or in resistance levels, it tells you that there is a possibility that the uptrend is ending so you should be looking to go short (sell). Veja o gráfico abaixo:
#9: Railway Track Candlestick Patterns.
The railway track pattern is a 2-candlestick pattern and there’s a bearish and bullish railway track candlestick pattern. A notable feature of railway tracks is that they look like paralled railway tracks …and both candlesticks should be of almost the same lengh and body and almost look like mirror image of each other.
For a bearish railway track, the first candle is bullish followed by almost exactly the same length and body of the second candlestick which is bullish. This tells you that bulls are losing ground and bears have gained controlled.
So when you see the bearish railway track pattern in an uptrend, or in an area of resistance, this is a signal that the downtrend may be starting so you should be looking to sell.
Similarly but opposite is the bullish railway track pattern. When you see this in a downtred or in an area of support, take note because the market may be heading up and this is your signal to buy.
#10: Spinning Top.
Spinning tops can be continuation candlestick patterns or reversal candlestick patterns. Spinning tops have small bodies with upper and lower shadows that exceed the length of the body. Os piões sinalizam a indecisão. A spinning top is a single candlestick pattern and it can be both bullish or bearish.
Deixe-me explicar. If you see are bearish spinning top in a support area or in a downtrend, this can be considered a bullish reversal signal when the high of tha bearish spinning top is broken to the upside.
Similarly, a bullish spinning stop in a resistance level or in an uptrend can be considered a bearish signal as soon as the low is broken to the downside.
Example below shows what I mean:
Spinning tops are fairly short in length compared to other candlesticks and their body length is a few steps wider than that of doji candlesticks(which actually have none or very tiny bodies).
Another notable feature of spinning tops is that the wicks on both sides should be almost the same length.
When I see spinning tops form on support or resistance levels, all it tells me the bears and bulls do not really know where to push the market and so when a breakout of the low or high of a spinning top by the next candle that forms usually signals the move in that direction of breakout!
Veja um exemplo:
Blending Candlesticks-A Concept Every Trader Needs To Know.
This is a technique where not many traders are aware about and I will just give you a simple example so you understand this concept better.
To give you a bit of context, if you are a forex trader and you are using the metrader4 trading platform, it got only 9 timeframes where your charts can be viewed in which are the 1m, 5min, 15m, 30min, 1hr, 4hr, daily, weekly & monthly timeframes as shown on the chart below:
You may see a hammer in the 1hr timeframe but remember that that 1hr timeframe has two-30minute candles to make 1 hr, right? Sim.
So what do you think the candlestick pattern would be in the two-30 minute candlesticks to give you a bullish hammer candlestick pattern in the 1hr timeframe? Or if you see a shooting start bearish candlestick in the 1hr timeframe, what do you think would be the candlestick pattern in the two-30minute candlesticks that gave that 1hr candlestick a shooting star?
Well, your answers are below:
Hope you really understand this concept because here’s why:
In the metatrader4 trading platform, there’s not partner timeframe for 1minute…you need a 2minute chart which does not exist. Similarly, there’s no 10min chart which you can use to blend with the existing 5min timeframe. Similarly, there is no 2hr timeframe to go with 4hr timeframe and no 8hr timeframe to go with the existing 4hr timeframe.
So let’s say you are a trader that loves to trade only hammers and shooting stars and you are waiting buy at a major support line in the 1hr timeframe.
You’ve been waiting patiently for a bullish hammer candlestick pattern to form to give you the signal to buy. But unfortunately, no hammer forms in the 1hr timeframe and even though you see a bullish engulfing pattern formed, you did not enter a buy trade.
You just watched as price shoots up and you wished you could have bought at the bullish engulfing signal that was given but you are only interested in trading hammers.
Well, if there was a 2hr time frame in metrader4, you could have switched to it and seen a very bullish hammer and you could have taken the trade but because you did not understand the concept of blending candlesticks you missed a very good trade.
Here are few more examples:
Notice also that a piercing line pattern when blended forms a hammer.
A Dark cloud cover when blended also forms a shooting star.
CHAPTER 12: HOW TO TRADE FIBONACCI WITH PRICE ACTION.
Now, I don’t know about you but one thing I continue to see is that price action respects Fibonacci levels…not all the time but when it does, some of the market moves generated can make you money very easily. The trick is to use Fibonacci and combine it with price action by using reversal candlesticks.
But first, if you’ve never heard about Fibonacci retracement tool, then here’s a brief introduction…
What Is The Fibonacci Retracement Tool?
This tool is a series or sequence of numbers identified by a guy called Leonardo Fibonacci in the 13 th Century. (He’s long dead…) No, need to go into pointless details about how those numbers are derived.
So what actually is a Fibonacci Retracement?
In technical analysis Fibonacci retracement is created by taking two extreme points (usually a major peak and trough) on your forex chart and dividing the vertical distance by the key Fibonacci ratios of 23.6%, 38.2%, 50%, 61.8% and 100%. Once these levels are identified, horizontal lines are drawn and used to identify possible support and resistance levels .
The two fib levels I use the most are the 50% and the 61.8%. I really do not focus at all on the others.
If you are using metetrader4 Trading platform, the Fibonacci tool has an icon as shown on the chart below:
Top 3 Reasons Why You Need A Fibonacci Retracement Tool:
In a downtrend, after price has been going down for some time, it will move back up (upswing…remember?). The Fibonacci retracement tool can help you estimate or predict potential price reversal areas or levels. Similarly, in an uptrend, price will make minor downtrend moves (downswings) and the Fibonacci retracement tool will help you predict potential reversals areas or price levels. If used in conjunction with support and resistance levels and combined with price action, they do really form a powerful combination and do give highly profitable trading signals. This describes something known as “price confluence” . I will talk more on that later.
How to Use the Fibonacci Tool On Metatrader4.
It is actually a very simple 3 step process:
Step1: find a peak (upswing point/resistance level) and a trough (downswing point/support level)
Step2: Click on the Fibonacci tool icon on your chart.
For the next steps, it’s all click and drag process…
Step 3a: In a downtrend market, you click first on the previous peak where you want to analyse from and drag down to the trough where price reversed from and release.
Step 3b: In an uptrend market, click and drag first on the trough up to the peak and release.
That’s how simple it is to draw Fibonacci retracement levels on your charts.
On the chart below notice that price formed a peak and then moved down, found support and formed a trough, and price went back up:
At around the 50% fib level, it starts to slow sign of losing the upward steam. You can also see the bearish spinning top candlestick which could have been used as a signal to go short (sell).
Can you buy or sell just based entirely on the fib numbers like 50% or 61.8% as soon as price reaches these levels without price action?
Well, I think that there are traders out there that do that and you can do that. But personally, I do not like that approach. I’d rather combine Fibonacci with reversal candlesticks, trend lines, support & resistance levels etc for trade entries.
Let’s study the past… here’s an example of how to trade Fibonacci with price action in an uptrend. Notice the spinning top candlestick right at the 50% level which could have been used as a buy signal:
Here’s another example of how to trade Fibonacci with price action in a downtrend:
You can see that this is not complicated, isn’t it? Very simple trade setups. Your risks are small compared to the profits you potentially can make.
CHAPTER 13: HOW TO TRADE TRENDLINES WITH PRICE ACTION.
When the market is heading down, it forms down swings and up swings as it continually moves lower.
Similarly, when the market is in an uptrend, it will form upswings and downswings as it continues to move up.
The peaks that are formed by the up swings and the troughs that are formed by the down swings can be used to draw trendlines.
And you need a minimum of 2 peaks to draw a downward trendline for a market that is in a downtrend and you need 2 troughs to draw an upward trendline for a market that is in an uptrend.
How To Draw Downtrend Trendlines.
Now, for a market in a downtrend, you can connect the peaks with a line and that forms you downward trendline.
What you are waiting for is for price to come back up and touch that trendline and when it does, this could mean that a down swing will start and it may be the best time to enter a short trade.
The use of bearish reversal candlesticks as trade confirmation is highly recommended with this trading method.
How To Draw Upward Trendlines.
When the the market is in an uptrend, connect 2 troughs and you have an upward trendline. When price comes to touch it later, you have a potential buy setup.
The chart bellows shows a live example of a long trade on AUDNZD pair that I took at the moment whilst I was writing this guide.
As you can see, I was anticipating a move up to the 1.1290 level and used that as my take profit target level. Obviously, this trade was taken based on the setup in the daily timeframe which means it may be a week or two before the profit target is hit if the market makes a nice move up or the opposite can happen , price breaks the trendline and I get stopped out or I can walk away with some profits when my trailing stop gets hit.
But the next day, price broke that upward trendline and I got stopped out with a loss. But here’s the thing with a trade like that… my stop loss is tight , with a potential reward of more than 3 times what I risked for this trade. Here’s the chart of what happened:
I strongly recommend that you use bullish reversal candlesticks as a signal for executing your buy/long trades.
I’m not glamorizing price action trading here. You will have losses like what I’ve shown.
But think about this …if the price had moved the way I analysed, I would have made a lot more profits than what I lost.
With Price action trading, you are risking less with the potential to make more and that’s the beauty of price action trading.
What happens if the trendline gets intersected?
There are a couple of things you need to be aware when a trendline gets intersected:
(1)The first is that it could mean the trend has now changed.
(2)The second is that it can be a false break only and price will soon head back in the original direction.
Now, there’s another thing about trendlines, if one trendline get’s broken, you need to be see if you can draw another trendline above (or below) the one that’s broken. There can be 2 or more downward trendlines or 2 or more upward trendlines at any one time on any chart in any timeframe.
So if price breaks the first trendline, it still has yet to head to the 2 nd and the third etc…
So if you take a sell trade on the first trendline but price intersects it and you are stopped out with a loss and now price is heading to the 2 nd trendline above, you should also look to sell if you get bearish reversal candlestick signal.
Here’s an example of a trade in a similar situation that I took on the AUDUSD pair. See chart below: (enlarge if you cannot see clearly).
You will notice that I took the first trade on the first downward trendline based on a bearish harami and also a spinning top pattern there but then price intersected that trendline and went up to the 2 nd downward trendline.
I saw a shooting star so I took another short trade. Obviously, you can see how the price reacted to the trendline by forming a shooting star. That was enough signal for me to short this pair.
You need to be aware of these kinds of trendlines not only on the sell side buy ton the buy side as well.
I suggest you check out Trendline Trading System for more information on how to trade it.
CHAPTER 14: HOW TO TRADE MOVING AVERAGES WITH PRICE ACTION.
Remember in the beginning I did briefly mentioned something about Not-So-Pure Price Action Trading?
Well, now we are at it!
When you use price action trading with one other indicator or a combination of indicators which are incorporated into your trading system then that’s what I call Not-So-Pure Price Action Trading. (Call it whatever you like, if you think I’m wrong, I really don’t care).
Many new traders that find it difficult to define the structure of a trending market, therefore they rely on moving averages for trend detection or identification.
The only thing I see useful in moving averages is for dynamic support and resistance levels. I will explain this concept shortly. As a matter of fact moving averages do a terrible job of predicting trends in that they only do that after that trend has already started already and price has moved a great deal already.
Veja um exemplo:
In the chart on the left, notice that price has crossed the HL(higher low) already, indicating that the downtrend market has started (potentially). But notice that the moving averages have not crossed yet.
So price action is telling you that you are now potentially in a downtrend but moving average is saying “not yet”.
So you have two conflicting signals. And by the time moving average confirms what the price action has indicated, price has already made a great deal of move downward already as shown by this chart on the left.
So which are you really going to pick? Depend on moving average to tell you that a trend has changed or depend on price action?
I really can’t force, it’s your choice.
Using Moving Averages For Dynamic Support And Resistance Levels.
The concept of dynamic support and resistance can be fully understood with a few charts given below.
When the market is in a downtrend, you will notice that price moves up to the moving average lines (upswing) and then bounces back down from them (downswing). (That is if you put moving average lines on your charts).
Veja um exemplo:
The similar situation happens in an uptrend: prices move down to the moving average lines (downswing) and then bounces up from them (upswing).
Here’s an example shown on the chart below:
Now that you know this concept of dynamic support and resistance using moving averages, the next thing you need to know is that trend trading strategies can be created around them and in a very nice trending market, they are really effective.
For those that love moving averages, what you can do is to look reversal candlesticks as price starts to go back to touch the moving average lines and these are used as your confirmation signal to buy or sell.
In a downtrend, you should be looking for bearish reversal candlesticks like the shooting star, bearish harami, spinning tops, dark cloud cover, hanging man etc to go short (sell). In an uptrend, you should be looking out for bullish reversal candlestick patterns like pin bars, dojis, piercing line, bullish harami etc…
Let’s study the past again…on the chart below is an example of how to trade dynamic support with Price Action:
Now, it’s easy to say here that “ you could have bought here and sold here” etc based on what happened in the past because now you can see how the market has played out in the past…
But real challenge for many traders is that when a setup is happening, they will most likely second guess it because this is how its going to look:
And this is how how it turned out:
Here’s an example of trading using dynamic resistance levels with price action :
CHAPTER 15: HOW TO TRADE CONFLUENCE WITH PRICE ACTION.
What is confluence ? Well, let’s find out here in this following example…
What if you were watching the market and then you saw that price is heading to a resistance level and then you checked your Fibonacci retracement and it’s almost like a coincidence that the resistance levels is also at 61.8 Fibonacci level as well. And there’s even more…the overall trend is also down.
So you have 3 things lining up for you, here they are again:
the overall trend is down you have a resistance level that price is coming to and you notice that the price is also heading up to the fib level is 61.8 which coincides with the resistance level.
What I’ve described above is an example of confluence . A confluence is a point/level in the market where two or more levels intersect each other (or come together) and they form a flash point or hot point or confluent point.
Here’s An Example Of How I Trade With Confluence.
Let me give a real example of a trade that I took as I was writing this. This is the daily chart for AUDUSD. Have a good and close look at it.
Here’s why I took that trade:
I first drew a downward trendline and was waiting to see if price would come up to touch the trendline. And I also noticed that the previous support level that was broken could potentially act as a resistance level causing price to reverse. Therefore now I have two things coming together. Next thing I did was to check what the fib retracement level to see if price came and hit that resistance level what the ratio would be. Surprisingly, it was 61.8%. Doce! So now I have 3 things coming together.
So how did I take the trade then?
I switched to the 1hr timeframe and waited for price to come and hit the confluence zone and saw a shooting star, a bearish reversal Candlestick pattern (also sometimes called a bearish pin bar). That was my clue to execute a short trade right there.
Here’s is a close up of how the trade setup looked like in the 1hr where I was waiting to take the trade(see chart below):
I risked 50 pips for this trade and later I’m going to set the previous swing low as my profit target which is 215 pips and if my profit target gets hits, I will make 7 times what I risked initially.
Good thing as I was stilling writing this guide this trade played out so I can show you what happened: As you can see, I managed to make 138 pips on the first trade. Note also that I also made a 2 nd trade which made 125pips as well. Even though my profit target was not hit, I used trailing stop loss as shown below until I got stopped out when price moved back up.
That’s the beauty about these kinds of trades:
They are really low risk-high reward entry trades. They have great chance of being profitable.
There’s two ways you will learn from price action:
First is to spend hours over your charts analysing what happened in the past and asking these types of questions: Why did price make a big upward move from here and why did price make a big downward move from here? What price action signals that formed there that could have given anybody an indication that this massive move was about to happen? You will be bloody surprised at what type of reversal candlesticks and chart patterns you will find. Then with that knowledge, get back to the present and see if you can see these patterns unfolding in the current market.
Here’s an example of a doji candlestick confluence with the dominant downtrend, as if formed telling you to sell the market with the trend. This short trade setup had 4 factors of confluence supporting it :
The doji had confluence with the dominant downtrend, as it formed telling you to sell the market with the trend. The doji showed a clear indecision by the sellers and the buyers therefore the breakout of the low of doji candlestick was what the sellers were waiting for to push the market down. The doji candlestick also formed between 50-61.8 fibonacci retracement zone. The moving averages providing dynamic resistance.
Aqui está outro exemplo:
Now, I can put lots of charts giving you examples of what happened in the past…but it’s best that now you see and understand what I am explaining here, and then go and sit down and observe what happens on your charts in real time.
All this information here is providing you the foundation; the basic framework you need to trade price action, the learning comes from observing and doing.
CHAPTER 16: TOP 2 REASONS WHY I USE MULTI-TIMEFRAME ANALYSIS AND TRADING.
There are 2 main reasons why I use multi-timeframe trading:
For getting better trade entries For reducing stop loss distance so I have better risk:reward ratio which means I can also increase the amount of contracts I trade without risking more of my trading account…so if my trade direction is right, I make a lot more money!
Now, I will explain both in detail…
How To Get Better Trade Entries And So Reduce Your Stop Loss Distance With Multi-Timeframe Analysis And Trading.
If you are trading strictly using the large timeframes like the daily chart, your stop loss distance will be huge and the issue with that is your risk:reward ratio can be reduced (no necessarily all the time):
Risk to Reward Ratio Explained.
Simply put, investing money into the investment markets has a high degree of risk, and if you’re going to take the risk, the amount of money you stand to gain needs to be big. If somebody you marginally trust asks for a $50 loan and offers to pay you $60 in two weeks, it might not be worth the risk, but what if they offered to pay you $100? The risk of losing $50 for the chance to make $100 might be appealing. So in that case your risk:reward ratio will be 1:2.
But what if you decided that you want to minimize your stop loss distance?
And even though you are trading with a setup in the daily chart, for your trade entry, you are actually switching to the smaller timeframe and watching for a sell signal in the 1hr timeframe?
Well, what I’ve just described is a really good example of multi-timeframe trading to get better trade entries.
Let’s study a chart of what happened in the past to make you understand what I am talking about…
This chart below is a daily chart and shows a triple top pattern in a solid resistance level. Price has been pushed down twice from this level and when the third time it price reaches this level, it was pushed down again.
Now, you can see the bearish harami reversal candlestick pattern and you could have used this as your sell signal by placing a pending sell stop order just a few pips under the low. And placed your stop loss outside of the resistance line as shown on the chart above.
But if you switched to the 1hr chart to wait for trade entry, your stop loss distances would be very small in comparison to the daily timeframe as shown by the chart below(I’ve zoomed in to get in closer):
Now, let’s compare both trades in the daily chart:
Notice that for the 1hr trade entry, it was done almost at the very top and the stop loss distance was very small in comparison to the trade taken in the daily timeframe. Which means that the risk:reward of the 1hr timeframe trade is a lot better than what you would get in the daily.
Now, you can do this with daily timeframe and 4hrs or even down to the 30 and 15 minute timeframes.
Or you can watch trade setups in the 4hr but switch to either the 1hr, 30mins, 15min and 5mins for your trade entries.
I often use the 1hr for my trade entries and can even go down to 5min timeframe for my entries. If you are new trader, stick to 1hr or 4hr timeframe for your trade entries.
So when you trade in the 1hr timeframe (or much smaller timeframe) you can actually trade a lot more contracts without risking more because your stop loss distance are very small compared to the larger timeframe trade.
For example, the stop loss for the 1hr timeframe trade is 20 pips but for the daily timeframe trade is 80 pips. Let’s say that you have a $10,000 account and you risk 2%($200) each trade. If you trade in the daily chart, that stop loss of 80 pips is roughly $800 so to keep your risk at 2% the amount of contracts you will trade will be 0.25.
However If you’ve traded in the 1hr you can be able to trade 1 standard lot.
This simple example explains why I wait patiently for trade setups to happen in the monthly, weekly, daily, 4hr timeframes and then use smaller timeframes to get good trade entries. This is the beauty of multi-timeframe trading using price action.
Let me give one more example of multi-time frame analysis…As I’m writing this book (the date now is 5 th of Dec 2014), I can see that EURJPY has been on an uptrend since July 2012 on the monthly charts and I can also see that there is resistance level at 149.115 which it hit already. This is the monthly chart:
Now, lets zoom in on the daily chart and see what the price action is like on where the arrow is pointing (see chart below):
Ok, I begin to see what’s happening…so obviously, EURJPY has been rejected down on the 149.115 resistance level with the formation of the shooting star (bearish candlestick signal) but now, I can see that its going back up to test that level again.
Two things can happen here:
Price is going to hit the resistance level and head back down ( and I will be waiting for a bearish reversal candlestick there to sell when I see one). Or its going to break it and if it breaks it, there’s a significant resistance level above it you can see on the monthly chart.
Now, let’s go down into the 4hr chart to see what is happening there as well…
So now you can see how I do my multi-timeframe analysis to get down a timeframe where I execute a trade at a very good price level or entry point whilst keeping my stop loss distance tight.
Now, here’ the thing about larger timeframes:
“They cover up trading setups that are happening in smaller timeframes that could be really reliable trading setups.”
But when you switch back and forth between timeframes, you begin to see how you can trade the larger timeframes setups based on the setups that happen in the smaller timeframes.
For this eurjpy setup above, I’m going to be sitting down and watching it to see if I get a bearish reversal candlestick in the 1hr or the 4hr….it’s probably going to happen tonight in maybe 4-8hrs time but the price is getting close to that resistance level. I really don’t like trading breakouts where I see the price has been overextend for a long period of time so even if this one breakouts to the upside, I will not be buying. I will be waiting for a pullback to buy, if that happens.
CHAPTER 17: TRADE THE OBVIOUS.
I hope you have learnt how powerful price action trading can be. Now, not all trading setups you see will become winners.
But here’s the thing…if your losses are small but your profits are large, you will always be in be out in front. That’s why trading risk management is important.
When you are watching the chart for trading setups, you need see and trade the obvious.
O que quero dizer com isso?
Well, if there is an obvious pattern on the chart and you can see it clearly, then you should know that there are thousands of traders out there are watching the exact same thing as you are doing…because it’s so obvious .
Trendlines or channels or bullish pin bar forming on major support level, if you can see that, there are many that will be seeing the same thing. All these traders will be waiting to see what happens at these levels and say if a bullish hammer forms on a major support level, then guess what will happen next? The most likely outcome of that is that as soon as the high of the hammer candlestick is broken, price will shoot up!
Trade the obvious!
How many times have you ever went over your chart and you are like:
“Goodness me! I should have taken a trade here and look at how the market moved after that bearish shooting star candlestick was formed after hitting the resistance level.”
When you trade the obvious, then you trade with what everybody else is seeing and in essence you are really doing piggy-back, riding on the market move created by all these orders that puts the odds in your favour.
See chart below for this: if you see a support major support level and price is heading down to it and at the same time, that support level is coinciding with an upward trendline…
O que isto significa? That’s Confluence buddy! And then you see a bullish Piercing line reversal candlestick form right at the area of confluence.
Are you going to be undecided about this price signal and pull up stochastic or CCI indicator to really make sure (give you confidence) you need to buy.
NO need for that…Just Trade the obvious!
CHAPTER 18: CLOSING REMARKS.
Some things I have learnt:
Levels are not lines drawn in concrete, they get broken . You see, the more a level is tested multiple times, sooner or later it will get broken. From my observations, 2-3 times is the average, after that, expect a breakout of the level. Don’t listen to analysts . They can stuff up your decision making process and cloud your judgement. For example: I see a sell setup on my chart but because I’ve read the analysts report that says he is bullish on this currency pair because of this and that reason , I hesitate to pull the trigger . Later, I check the chart and see that If I had sold, I would have made money. So use your own independent judgment based on what you see on your charts. Find your best timeframe to trade . Your personality, work circumstances etc may dictate what timeframe you can use. For me, I can trade from the 4hr, 1hr down the 5 & 1 min charts because I use multi-timeframe trading. Yes, there will be people that will say “You are crazy to be trading in the smaller timeframes like the 5min and 1minute because there’s too much noise in the smaller timeframes.” Yes, I know that…The whole point of me switching to lower timeframes is this: to get better trade entries. You don’t have to do that, that’s my style . That’s what I like. If the bus leaves you, don’t chase the bus! In other words… don’t chase trades. If you are late to get into a trade at an optimal entry point and realized that you might “miss out”, then back off and wait. There will always be another opportunity or wait for a retrace/retest/pullback etc and then enter. Be patient for the right trading setups to form. If you are suffering from losing streaks, take a break . Take a week off from trading to clear up your mind then come back with a clear mind to trade. If you have winning streaks, don’t get overconfident and risk more. You streaks of losses may be just around the corner.
If you’ve enjoyed going through my price action trading course , please don’t forget to share, tweet, like and link to it by clicking those sharing buttons on the left side of this page. Eu realmente iria apreciar isso. Obrigado.
35 Responses.
there is no true volume indicator in forex telling you exactly how much volume is going through the forex market at any given time period.
This is because forex is not a centralized market like the share market where true volume information can be seen.
You see, for any forex broker to have a true volume indicator, they would need to have data feeds from every bank in the world that does currency exchange/trading.
The volume indicator you see on your MT4 trading platform does not measure the true volume at all. It simply measures the number of ticks for a given time period.
espero que isso responda sua pergunta.
Thanks a lot for the knowledge.
Is it also necessary to you use Volume Analysis in Forex can it help when combines with price action.
dude, this is hands down one of the best blogs, if not the best blog I have ever seen on price action. Thank you so much for your time, efforts and enormous generosity in sharing it for free with the trading world. I like it so much that I have bookmarked it to refer to it again and again as part of my must keep and review again and again trading library. A HUGE thank you to you.
Obrigado por seu comentário.
Don’t forget to share.
I really wanted to try me my psychology management ..
demo and real difference psychology Kahan hahahhaha.
I would like to ask for advice to you ..
for 5 months, I learned a demo account and start to profit consistently ..
I want to start a real account with an initial capital of $ 150, what is approximately lavarage should I use. and how many risks I use.
I had been using lavarage 1: 200 and the risk of 5% of the capital ..
I hope you give advice and risk lavarage what should I use.
you need figure out the answers to those questions yourself.
If you are starting a live trading account with $150, the question needs to be asked: would you be satisfied with a $5 profit each trade? Or even a $1 profit each trade?
If your trading account cannot support the contract sizes that would equate to the type of profits that you’d like to see happening, then the chances are you are going to take a lot of risks on your $150 trading account to “meet that expectation”. and that is something i cannot tell you what you should do. Leverage is totally irrelevant. How much risk per trade is.
Sory my English is bad but THANK YOU THANK YOU VERY VERY MUCH.
Thanks for your comment, Ihsan.
Terima kasih telah membuat blog yang sangat sangat saya cari selama ini.
Sudah sekian banyak saya mengunjungi web dan blog forex, tetapi mereka hanya menjelaskan dasar nya saja ..jika kita ingin mengetahui lebih lanjut harus membayar harga yang sangat tinggi ..
Tetapi disini dijelaskan sampai ke akar nya ..sekali lagi terimakasih banyak atas ilmu nya..
Price Action adalah yang terbaik..
Maaf jika komentar saya tidak menggunakan bahasa inggris, itu karena saya tidak begitu faham ..hahahaha.
thanks for commenting.
Using Google Translate:
Thank you for making the blog a very highly I was looking for this.
I’ve visited many web and forex blog, but they only explain its basis only ..If we want to find out more should pay a very high price ..
But here described to her roots ..sekali again thanks so much for his science ..
Price Action is the best ..
I’m sorry if my comments do not use the English language, it is because I do not quite understand ..hahahaha.
Really I would like to thank you for providing such a wonderful Price Action Trading (PAT) course for free of cost. As you rightly pointed out that most of the PAT course in the market covers the same material as yours and you have provided for free. God bless you and helps to change your mindset to have a proper money management. Keep doing your wonderful work. All the very best. Felicidades.
Thanks for you comment, Venkatesh.
Thanks Rkay. I am waiting for a long time to find a website like yours. Now I found it its feel like heaven. The free training is very helpful for beginnrrs like me. I sm very happy.
What i Like most everything in one Glance single page and you learn what expensive courses will teach and free.
Obrigado por seu comentário.
Hi, this article and the whole blog is a great read. I must say that it is comprehensible.
obrigado pela visita.
One of the best blogs i’ve read in a while. feels truly honest.
all the best Ray.
i hope this helps me on my trading ! ? thanks for sharing your story .
I am from India and has been a kind of active trader from last many years. From last couple of years i am into price action trading and finally the account is moving to a positive direction. Though most of the things you shared above , i was already aware of but still learnt few concepts that i think can provide an extra edge to my trading. A VERY BIG THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME AND EFFORT FOR PUTTING THIS EXCELLENT MATERIAL IN A SINGLE PAGE THAT TOO IN A VERY DETAILED MANNER !!
As a token of gratitude i am sharing couple of very important and knowledgeable links with you. Please visit them whenever you get a chance –
One of the best trading thread –
A small article on trading –
HAPPY TRADING & AGAIN THANKS FOR EVERYTHING ! 🙂
If you could shed some light of the trading system you are using ( with charts & examples) of what you are talking about, maybe I can give you a proper answer.
With multi-timeframe trading, the lower timeframe does not necessarily have to be in the same direction as the larger timeframe.
If you are using price action, what you are looking for is the ‘SIGNAL” when the lower timeframe starts showing indication that price may potentially start following the trend in the larger timeframe. That’s the time you take a trade with the ancipation that the lower timeframe trend will start turning to follow the main trend in the larger timeframe.
You will notice that:
(1) the main trend was up up on the daily timeframe (the larger timeframe)
(2) switching to lower timeframe, 4hr or 1hr to wait there for sell signals (bearish reversal candlesticks)
Based on this example, you can see that daily trend was up, even the 4hr or 1 hr trend was heading up as well.
But the key to this whole thing was the “trade setup” that was seen many days before it happened.
When analyzing the charts on a daily timeframe is in an uptrend then I switch to a 4hr chart is in downtrend. Should both timeframe be in the same direction before I entry a trade?
hey rkay thank u so much for sharing this! such a useful lesson! i’m a freshman in accounting but interested in trading and this helps a lot.
Thanks for Visiting. Que bom que você gostou.
Dude thanks so much for putting this up. been trading for 3 months or so doing ok with almost no knowledge other than the trend is your friend and buy low and sale high 🙂 came across an article that said you should learn price action 1st and it will make you a better trader!! just ordered two books on it and they get here tuesday, I will be suspending my trading until i consume that info!! thanks again MT.
Awesome course! Obrigado pelo seu tempo.
glad you like it.
I don’t understand definition of consolidate in forex? what that is mean? what mean consolidate in forex?
Hi Bro Thet Naung Soe,
Eu tenho você coberto!
This post explains what a consolidation is:
A BIG Thanks to those traders that are clicking the sharing links like facebook share, tweet etc to share this free price action trading course with your fans and friends. MUCH APPRECIATED GUYS AND GIRLS!
Excelente & # 8211; I have learned so much reading this material. I shall be using it over and over again until it all sinks in to my mind. Thank you so much for such first rate intelligent information that was enjoyable to read.
Comprehensive but easy to digest. All of that for free. Thank you so much for helping people like me that do not have the wherewithal to pay for price action trading lessons. I book marked this page and will spend weeks and months studying your teachings. Once again remain blessed .